Practical NRM

1
Practical NRM

• Lecture
• Stakeholders in the Dommel area
• Hens Runhaar
• Section of Environmental Studies and Policy,
  Utrecht University

2
Contents

• What are stakeholders?
• Why identifying stakeholders?
• Some stakeholders in the Dommel area and their
  respective roles
• State
• Market
• Civil society
• Some critical elements of stakeholder analysis
• Further reading

3
What are stakeholders?
4
What are stakeholders?

• Main actors involved in a particular policy
  problem
• People who have an interest (stake) in solving or
  maintaining the problem
• Any group or individual who can affect or is
  affected by the achievement of the firms
  objectives (Rowley, 1997)
• Actors who are both affected by and affecting
  the problem and are, at the same time,
  participating in the process of formulating and
  solving it (Banville et al., 1998)
• ? Actors become stakeholders when they contribute
  to a policy problem, are needed for solving the
  problem, or are affected by the problem or
  problem-solving activities

5
What are stakeholders (2)

• Example sixth runway Schiphol airport
• Who are stakeholders? And why (what is their
  stake)?
• Demarcation
• Types of stakes
• Research goal

6
Why identifying stakeholders?

• Public policy political agreement on a course
  of action (or inaction) designed to resolve or
  mitigate problems in the political agenda
  (Fischer, 1997)
• Policy-making increasingly a multi-actor
  activity
• Various tiers of government involved, with own
  autonomy
• Resources (knowledge, support, finance, etc.)
  spread among many actors
• Democracy concerns
• Dutch tradition of Polder model

7
Why identifying stakeholders?

• Public policy thus through governance rather
  than government
• Non-hierarchical forms of steering
• Examples agreements, covenants,
  partnerships etc.
• Multi-level governance
• Multi-actor governance
• Multi-sector governance
• Stakeholders play a role in policy-making

8
Why identifying stakeholders?

• Explanation
• Choice of instruments
• Dynamics in policy processes (e.g. shifting
  goals)
• Success or failure of the policy
• Evaluation
• Ex ante effectiveness of the policy programme
• Prescription
• Better or more legitimate problem definition
• Prioritisation of policy options
• Smoother implementation

9
Some stakeholders in the Dommel area and their
respective roles

• State (public or general interest)
• Market (private interests)
• Civil society (specific public or private
  interests)

10
Some stakeholders in the Dommel area and their
respective roles

• State
• All organisations and activities that aim to
  solve social problems and steer society
• Synonyms are public administration and government
• Characteristics (but not always)
• Public law
• Taxes main source of income

11
State

• Why does it exist?
• Protect the market prevent monopolies and
  cartels
• Complement the market collective goods (e.g.
  dykes)
• Protect against the market regulate
  external effects
• Correct the market merit goods
  (e.g. tobacco)
• Compensate for the market income
  redistribution

12
State

• How is it organised?
• Three layers of administration (Huis van
  Thorbecke)
• Two types of administration
• Territorial administration
• Functional administration
• Overlapping jurisdictions
• Policy-making as a multi-stakeholder activity
  (multi-level governance)

13
State

• Territorial administration
• Central government (13 depts.)
• Provinces (12)
• Municipalities ( 489)

14
State

• Functional administration
• Tasks laid down in laws
• Territories of different magnitude (derived from
  task)
• Examples
• Water Boards (27)
• Police

15
State

• Cooperation between authorities
• Economies of scale
• Specific knowledge at lower levels
• Joint action required (e.g. congestion)
• Coordination between authorities
• Autonomy
• Joint-administration
• Supervision
• Cooperation/coordination within authorities

16
State

• Example spatial planning
• Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing and
  Environment (VROM)National policy document on
  spatial planning (Nota Ruimte)
• Province regional spatial plan (Streekplan)
• Municipalitylocal land use plan
  (Bestemmingsplan)

17
State

• Problems of multi-level governance BLOW
• Backgrounds
• Depts. of Defence, Agriculture, Transport
  provinces VNG
• Goal create space for wind turbines in spatial
  plans realise turbines
• Covenant instead of top-down regulation
• Implementation problematic
• Not all covenanting partners cooperated
  (departments, municipalities)
• Partly due to specialisation, allocation of costs
  and benefits, voluntary character
• Partly due to governance strategies that ignored
  creation of support or that focused too much on
  creation of support

18
Provinces

• Tasks
• Transport, water, environment, spatial planning,
  welfare, culture
• Examples
• Regional spatial plan
  (streekplan)
• Environmental policy plan
  (milieubeleidsplan)
• Water management plan
  (waterhuishoudingsplan)
• Competences
• Supervision orchestrate
• Cooperation between municipalities,
  reorganisations
• Tax (opcenten MRB)
• Can install or uninstall Water Boards

19
Water Boards

• Oldest element of our public administration
• Tasks
• Weirs, dams (dry feet)
• Water quality (clean water)
• Water quantity (dry feet)
• Of old interest payment right of say
• Elections since 1997

20
Water Boards

• Competences
• Quality demands water
• Permits
• Authority in the case of emergency
• Taxes
• Scaling-up
• 1950 2,500 Water Boards
• 1997 66
• 2004 35
• 2005 27

21
Water Boards

• Relations with other administrative bodies
• Province supervises
• Coordination re. spatial planning and
  environmental policy with municipalities and
  departments
• European Directives

22
(No Transcript)
23
Market

• Producers and consumers
• Market actors in the Dommel area
• Energy companies
• Farmers
• Consumers (energy, car users, )
• Interest groups (ZLTO, consumer groups, )
• ()

24
Market

• Governing the market - the Dutch countryside as
  an example
• Ecological, ethical and health risks
  reconstruction needed
• Governance other interests and stakeholders
  apart from ec-agr.
• Zoning of agriculture and pig-free areas
• Extensification budget insufficient to cover all
  costs thus only voluntary removals and no limit
  on expansion
• Pig-free areas only effective if all companies
  are regional European Commission allowed pig
  vaccination against swine fever
• Lessons
• No effective governance with hierarchical project
  architecture
• Consequences were not explored sufficiently

25
Civil society

• Groups of people who organise themselves around
  specific public or private interests (NGOs)
• NGOs in the Dommel area
• ANWB
• Greenpeace
• Stichting Natuur en Milieu
• ()

26
Some critical elements of stakeholder analysis

• Why do you need them?
• Required for formal decision-making
• Required for specific resources (land, money,
  knowledge, support, )
• Required for implementation
• ()
• How will you identify them?
• How will you involve them?

27
Some critical elements of stakeholder analysis

• Which actors are involved (have a stake) in the
  problem area?
• How are they involved, what are their interests
  regarding the problem, and how do they perceive
  the problem?
• How relevant are these actors (in terms of
  critical resources)?
• What policy alternative is supported by most
  stakeholders?
• What effects do (did) the stakeholders expect
  from the policy?
• How are the stakeholders related?
• Which (coalitions of) actors may support or block
  problem-solving activities?

28
Data sources

• Analysis of documents
• Interviews
• Deduction
• Observation

29
Further reading

• Grimble, R. (1998), Stakeholder methodologies in
  natural resource management. Socio-economic
  methodologies, best practices guidelines, Chatham
  (UK) Natural Resources Institute, The University
  of Greenwich (http//www.nri.org/publications/bpg/
  bpg02.pdf)
• Driessen, P.P.J. (2005), Restructuring the Dutch
  countryside limits of a governance strategy,
  Planning, practice research, 20 (1), pp. 69-77

30
More info

• About the Dutch government
• www.overheid.nl/guest/ (in English)
• www.waterschappen.nl (in Dutch and in English)