ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• CONMMON DENOMINATORS
• PSYCHOLOGICALDYSFUNCTION
• SOCIAL DISAPROVAL
• PERSONAL UNHAPPINESS
• UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED THROUGH HISTORY AND ACROSS
  CULTURE
• COGNITIVE DISORGANIZATION
• EMOTIONAL DYSFUNTION
• ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• ANCIENT HISTORY
• DEMENTIA (CONFUSION LOSSOF MEMORY)
• PSYCHOSIS (DISORGANIZED AND/OR BIZZARE THINKING
• MENTAL RETARDATION
• DEPRESSION
• MANIA
• PARANOIA
• ANXIETY
• HYSTERIA (UNEXPLAINABLE BODY COMPLAINTS)

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Mystical explanations regard abnormal behavior as
the result of possession by spirits.The
scientific/medical approach considers natural
causes, such as biological imbalances, faulty
learning processes, or emotional
stressors.Finally, the humanitarian approach
tends to view abnormal behavior as the result of
cruelty or poor living conditions.The differing
etiological theories as well as advancing
knowledge have had large impact on the treatment
of those with psychological disorders and have
influenced current theories in clinical
psychology.
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• EXAMPLES
• GREEK MYTHS
• HERCULESEPILEPSY
• BIBLE
• SAUL, MANIC DEPRESSIVE
• RENNAISANCE LITERATURE
• SHAKESPEAR
• OTHELLOPARANOIA
• HAMLETPSYCHOSIS
• ROMEO AND JULIETDEPRESSION

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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• VIEWS THROUGH TIME
• ORGANIC
• BRAIN DYSUNTION, DETERMINED BY HERDITY AND
  ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• SUPERNATURAL
• METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION ABOUT SOUL SICKNESS AND
  POSSESSION OF EVIL SPIRITS
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
• FOCUS ON FRUSTRATIONS, CONFLICTS, AND IRRATIONAL
  MENTAL LIFE

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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• GREEKS
• HIPPOCRATES
• ASSUMED THE BRAIN AS ORIGIN OF ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL
  FUNCTION. ABNORMAL BRAINABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
• NOT CAUSED BY GODS BUT BY DISEASE
• HUMORS
• YELLOW BILE
• BLOOD
• PHLEGM
• BLACK BILE
• EXAMPLE
• MELANCHOLY

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The next significant in advance in the scientific
approach was made in the first century B.C. by a
Greek physician living in Rome who introduced new
and more humane ideas about psychological
disorders.Asclepiades (129-40 B.C.) disagreed
with Hippocrates that an imbalance of bodily
substances caused psychological disorders.He
believed that psychological disturbances could be
the result of emotional problems and spoke out
strongly against the incarceration of the
mentally ill and bleeding (a treatment that
continued for another 1500 years).Other important
advances made by Aesclepiades were a distinction
between acute and chronic psychological disorders
and between hallucinations and delusions.Asclepiad
es also developed several original treatments
including a swinging bed to relax the
emotionally disturbed patient and music therapy
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• ROMANS
• GALEN
• HUMORS AND MOISTURE AND DRYNESS
• WARM MOISTBLOOD
• WARM DRYYELLOW BILE
• COLD DRYBLACK BILE
• COLD MOISTPHLEGM
• Galen thought mental illness can be caused by an
  imbalance and excess of these
• examplemelancholycold dry black bile

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Claudius Galen (131-200 A.D) developed a new
system of medical knowledge based on the study of
anatomy rather than on philosophical
speculation.He was the first researcher to
conduct experiments on animals in order to study
the workings of the internal organs.He invented
the use of the pulse for diagnosis and his books
on anatomy were used until the 19th century.
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Unfortunately, in the years before Christ, the
attitudes towards the psychologically disturbed
began to shift towards more spiritual views and
the advances of the Greek and Roman philosophers
and physicians began to decline.Aulus Cornelius
Celsus (25BC-50AD), who lived in Ancient Rome
during the time of Jesus Christ believed that a
sort of force should be applied to the insane to
cause a sudden fear into the spirit forcing it to
flee the body.His beliefs helped to reinforce the
belief that some psychological disorders were
caused by angry gods or spirits.Celsus beliefs
and writings were later used as evidence to
justify the burning of witches.His version of
treatment also corresponded to exorcism as a form
of treatment, which was often performed by a
shaman, priest, or medicine man.
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• ITALY
• PRIOR TO 1200 AD (MIDDLE AGES)
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RECOGNIZED
• VESANIPOISON OR UNHEALTHY DIET
• INSANIBAD HEREDITY
• LUNATICILUNAR INFLUENCE
• MELANCHOLICIUNBALANCED TEMPRMENT
• OBSESSIDEVIL INFLUENCED ABNORMALITY
• SUPERNATURAL

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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• MIDDLE AGES TO LATE 1700S
• SPECULATION BETWEEN MENTAL LIFE AND THE BRAIN
• ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BARTHOLOMAEUS
• MADNESS IS CAUSED BY DEFECTS NEAR THE LATERAL
  VENTIRCLES NEAR THE CENTER OF THE BRAIN (MODERN
  RELATIONSHIP TO AREA OF BRAIN RELATED TO
  SCHIZOPHRENIA )
• GALVANI
• ELECTRICAL NATURE OF NEURAL CONDUCTIVITY (1791)
• GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE AND EEG

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Early in the conception of the monasteries,
patients were treated with concern and were even
issued arm badges so that they could be returned
if their symptoms worsened.These poorhouses later
became known as asylums with the most famous
being  the Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem in
London.The hospital was originally created in
1247 for poor people, and by 1403 began to house
people called lunatics.In the next few
centuries, the inhumane and chaotic housing of
the psychologically disturbed came to be known as
bedlam, a derivative of the hospitals name.
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Witchhunts were justified by the publication of
the Malleus Malifacarum (The Witchs Hammer), an
indictment of witches written by two Dominican
monks in Germany in 1486.
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• 1861 BROCA
• DISCOVERS SPEECH CENTER IN LEFT FRONTAL LOBE
  BROCAS AREA
• PROVED ORGANIC VIEW
• KRAEPELIN
• CLNICAL PSCYCHIATRY
• DESCRIBED SYSTEM FOR CLASSIFYING THE VARIETIES OF
  PSYCHOPATHOLOGY INTO DISCRETE DISORDERS WITH
  BIOLOGICAL BASIS AND CLINICAL COURSE
• PUT MANIA, DEPRESSION, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA INTO
  SEPARATE DISEASE CATEGORIES

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Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) brought much needed
order to the classification of mental disorders
focusing on the biological aspects of mental
illness. This approach resulted in closer
alignment of psychiatry with medicine because
many categories of mental illness were treated in
disease terms. Two major groups Kraepelin focused
on was dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and
manic-depressive psychosis. He believed a
chemical imbalance caused schizophrenia and a
metabolism irregularity caused manic-depression.
Kraepelins classification ideas laid the
groundwork for todays classification system
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• PHILIPPE PINEL
• DIRECTOR OF BICETRE IN PARIS
• REORGANIZED
• PATIENTS RELEASED FROM THE CHAINS ALLOWED TO
  MOVE AROUND GROUNDS
• ROOMS MADE SANITARY AND LIVABLE
• MEDICAL TREATMENTS SUCH AS BLEEDING, COLD WATER
  BATHS, STARVATION ETC. WERE ABANDONDED
• PINELS EFFORTS SPREAD TO ENGLAND THEN TO AMERICA

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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• DORTHEA DIX
• SCHOOL TEACHER FROM BOSTON THAT LED NATIONAL
  CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA FORM HUMANE TREATMENT OF
  MENTALLY ILL
• CONCEPT OF MENTALLY ILL DATES BACK TO DIX.
  ASYLUMS WERE TURNED INTO HOSPITALS.
• FRANZ ANTON MESMER
• FAMOUS IN EUROPE FOR CURING THROUGH HYPNOSIS
• CHARCOTE FOLLOWED MESMER

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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• FOURNIER
• PUBLISHED AND EXPLANATION OF PARESIS (OVERALL
  BREAKDOWN OF THE MIND AND THE BODY THAT WAS
  COMMON AMONG NINETEENTH CENTURY MERCHANTS AND
  SOLDIERS
• MOST (AT SOME POINT) HAD CONTRACTED SYPHILIS
• SYPHILIS CAUSED MASSIVE MENTAL DETERIORATION THAT
  LOOKED LIKE PARESIS
• SYPHILIS

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Meanwhile in the United States in 1769, Benjamin
Rush (1745-1813) was appointed professor of
chemistry and medicine at the college of
Philadelphia. Rush is considered the father of
American psychiatry as he instituted a more
scientific approach, and made many changes that
improved the conditions for the mentally ill. The
fact that he was a founding father, politician,
and signed the Declaration of Independence gave
him the power to institute reform.
However, his methods of treatment were still
inhumane and ineffective. He believed
bloodletting, purging, and terrifying were
beneficial.
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Even though there was great emphasis on moral
treatment in the 19th century, drugs were also
used quite often. While claiming to be moral, the
chains were exchanged for powerful sedatives to
control the aggressive patient. The most common
drugs used were alcohol, cannabis, opium, and
chloral hydrate. These treatments were not very
successful as less than a third of the patients
improved.
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ABNORMAL HISTORY

• SOMATOTHERAPIES
• THERAPUTIC EFFORTS (TREATMENTS)
• CONVULSIVE
• PSYCHOSURGERY
• DRUGS (CHEMOTHERAPY)

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DSM-IV CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• THE AXES OF DSM-IV PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE
  BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF
  A PERSONS CONDITION.
• ASSESSED IN FIVE AREAS

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DSM-IV

• AXIS I
• SYMPTOMS THAT CAUSE DISTRESS OR SIGNIFICANTLY
  IMPAIR SOCIAL OR OCCUPATIONAL FUNCTIONING
• INCLUDES ALL THE CLINICAL DISORDERS EXCEPT
  PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND MENTAL RETARDATION
• EXAMPLE
• AXIS I----DEPRESSION

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DSM-IV

• AXIS II
• PERSONALITY PATTERNS THAT ARE SO PERVASIVE,
  INFLEXIBLE, AND MALADAPTIVE THAT THEY IMPAIR
  INTERPERSONAL OR OCCUPAITONAL FUNCITONING
• DEALS WITH PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND MENTAL
  RETARDATION (BOTH BEGIN IN CHILDHOOD OR
  ADOLESCENCE)
• ALSO USED FOR NOTING MALADAPTIVE PERSONALITY
  FEATUREES AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS THAT DO NOT MEET
  ALL THE CRITERIA FOR A PERSONALITY DISORDER
• EXAMPLE
• AXIS II---PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

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DSM-IV

• AXIS III
• DESCRIBES GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS THAT SEEM
  RELEVANT TO A CASE (UNDERSTANDING OR TEREATMENT
  OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
• EXAMPLE
• AXISIII---CHRONIC PAIN DUE TO ARTHRITIS

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DSM-IV

• AXIS IV
• PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS (SUCH AS
  NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS AND INTERPERSONAL STRESSORS)
  THAT MAY AFFECT THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND
  PROGNOSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• DESCRIBES THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
  PROBLEMS (HOUSING, FAMILY STRESS).
• THESE PROBLEMS MAY STEM FROM ADJUSTMENT
  DIFFICULTIES CREATED BY THE DISORDER
• EXAMPLE
• AXIS IV---FAMILY SEPARATION

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DSM-IV

• AXIS V
• GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE INDIVIDUALS
  PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND OCCUPAITONAL
  FUNCTIONING.
• GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONING (GAF) RATING ON
  A SCALE OF 1 TO 100 IS MADE
• LOWPOSE DANGERS TO INDIVIDUAL OR OTHERS
• HIGHGOOD OR SUPERIOR FUNTIONING
• EXAMPLE
• AXIS V---GAF55 (MODERATE TO SEVERE)

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DSM-IV

• AXIS IDEPRESSION
• AXIS IIPARANOID PERSONALITY
• AXIS IIICHRONIC PAIN
• AXIS IVFAMILY STRESS (SEPARATION)
• AXIS VGAF55