Original 31:

1
??? ????????

• ???
• ???

2
???

• 31-35

3
Original 31

• Gentlemen,
• I cannot do better than take my cue from your
  distinguished President, and refer in my first
  remarks to his remarks in connection with the
  old, natural, association between you and me.
  When I received an invitation from a private
  association of working members of the press of
  New York to dine with them today, I accepted that
  compliment in grateful remembrance of a calling
  that was once my own, and in loyal sympathy
  towards a brotherhood which, in spirit, I have
  never quitted.

4
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

5
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes
• (4) Paraphrase

6
(1) Sentence structure

• The present selection consists of two
  sentences, of which the first is a simple
  sentence while the second is a complex sentence,
  composed of an adverbial clause of time, a main
  clause and two attributive clauses, one embedded
  in the middle of the main clause and the other at
  the end of it.

7
(2) Additional complication

• After the conjunction than in the first
  sentence, there are two coordinate infinitive
  phrases the second sentence begins with an
  adverbial clause and has a parenthesis embedded
  in the attributive clause at the end of the
  sentence.

8
(3) Notes

• In the first sentence, I cannot do better
  than take my cue and refer tomeans it would be
  better for me to take my cue and refer to
  whileand refer in my first remarks to his
  remarks in connection with the old, natural,
  associationmeans and in my first remarks refer
  to his remarks regarding the old, natural
  association. And in When I received an
  invitation from a private association of working
  members of the press of New York to dine with
  them today, I accepted that compliment in
  grateful remembrance of a calling that was once
  my own, and in loyal sympathy towards a
  brotherhood which, in spirit, I have never
  quitted, the backbone structure is when I
  received, I accepted in grateful remembrance
  and in loyal sympathy

9
(4) Paraphrase

• The selection could be paraphrased as
  follows It would be better for me to take my cue
  from your distinguished President and begin my
  remarks by referring to his remarks concerned
  with the old, natural relations between you and
  me. When I received an invitation from a private
  New York press association to dine with them
  today, I gratefully accepted the compliment and
  recalled the profession that was once my own. I
  regard them as my brothers and have loyal
  sympathy for them, and that sympathy, in spirit,
  I have never quitted.

10
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

11
(1) Periodicity

• Of two sentences, the first is loose while
  the second is periodic in structure, for it
  begins with an adverbial clause and has a
  parenthetic structure embedded.

12
(2) Structural complication

• The two sentences are structurally
  complicated to some extent for the reason that in
  the first sentence, there are two infinitive
  phrases in coordination, which together with the
  conjunction than form an elliptic adverbial
  clause of comparison, and the second sentence is
  complex in structure and it is a periodic
  sentence.

13
(3) Parallel structure

• In the selection, parallel structures are
  frequently used, for example, take my cue, and
  refer in my first remarks to his remarks old
  and natural you and me I received and I
  accepted and in grateful remembrance and in
  loyal sympathy .

14
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows parallel structures are
  frequently used I and remarks are repeated, and
  my and me are used to stand for I association is
  used as a synonym for connection and that
  complement is used to refer to the invitation,
  and so on.

15
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentences it contains are grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, distinguished,
  president, remark, connection, natural,
  association, receive, accept, remember,
  invitation, to name only a few.

16
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

17
A) Translation 1

• ???
• ????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ?,????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?,?????????,????????????????????,?????????????,???
  ?,?????,???????

18
Comments

• The translation is far from satisfactory due
  to the fact that it rigidly follows the original
  lexically and structurally, although some
  fine-tuning has been imposed on during the
  translating process. For the sake of authentic
  Chinese, clauses within the two sentences should
  be rearranged and clarity should be added to the
  meaning of the translation. Specifically
  speaking, ????????is not a natural Chinese
  expression ????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?and?????????????are put in the wrong positions
  against Chinese norms.

19
B) Translation 2

• ????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ???????????,?????????,????????????????????,???????
  ????

20
Comments

• Improvements are made on the previous
  translation in that the first sentence is
  reorganized and sounds more authentic.
  Furthermore, the second sentence is reorganized
  to a greater extent with the use of such natural
  expressions as ???? ?????? ?????????? ????
  ????? ?? ???????and so on. However, this does
  not necessarily imply that there is not any room
  for further improvement.

21
C) Translation 3

• ?????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ???????????????????,??????????????????,??????????,
  ?????,??????????????????,??????????,?????????????,
  ???????????????

22
Comments

• Improvements are further made on the previous
  translation in that the first sentence is broken
  up into two and reorganized drastically. For
  example, ?????????????????????????is fronted and
  now stands as a sentence on its own. In addition,
  more natural expressions are employed such as ??
  ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, and
  others. The second sentence is also broken up
  into two and reorganized drastically with more
  natural expressions used such as???? ???????
  ????, and others.

23
Original 32

• To the wholesome training of severe newspaper
  work, when I was a very young man, I constantly
  refer my first successes and my sons will
  hereafter testify to their father that he was
  always steadily proud of that ladder by which he
  rose. If it were otherwise, I should have but a
  very poor opinion of their father, which,
  perhaps, upon the whole, I have not.

24
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

25
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes
• (4) Paraphrase

26
(1) Sentence structure

• The present selection consists of two
  sentences, of which the first is a compound
  complex sentence, composed of a main clause,
  which in turn consists of two coordinate clauses,
  and an adverbial clause of time embedded at the
  end of the prepositional phrase at the beginning
  of the sentence, an object clause embedded in the
  second coordinate clause and an attributive
  clause embedded in the object clause. The second
  is a complex sentence, composed of an adverbial
  clause of condition and a main clause, which in
  turn has an attributive clause embedded at the
  end of the sentence.

27
(2) Additional complication

• The first sentence begins with a
  prepositional phrase and the adverbial clause
  immediately after it is parenthetic in structure
  the second sentence, in subjunctive mood, begins
  with a conditional clause, and at the end of the
  sentence, perhaps and upon the whole, are two
  parentheses.

28
(3) Notes

• In the first sentence, to the wholesome
  training of severe newspaper work, when I was a
  very young man, I constantly refer my first
  successes could be understood like this I
  constantly refer my first successes to the
  wholesome training of severe newspaper work, and
  at that time, I was a very young man. In the
  second sentence, I should have but a very poor
  opinion of their father means I should have only
  a very poor opinion of their father.

29
(4) Paraphrase

• Since a paraphrase for the second sentence is
  unnecessary, the first sentence will be
  paraphrased as follows When I was a very young
  man, I received the wholesome training of severe
  newspaper work and now I constantly refer my
  first successes to that training. I regard the
  training as the ladder by which I rose and am
  always steadily proud of that ladder. And my sons
  will give evidence to that after my death.

30
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

31
(1) Periodicity

• The two sentences the selection contains are
  both periodic in structure in that the first
  sentence begins with a prepositional phrase with
  an adverbial clause embedded as a parenthesis
  and the second sentence begins with an adverbial
  clause of condition and has two parentheses
  embedded at the end of it.

32
(2) Structural complication

• The two sentences are structurally
  complicated for their multiple embeddings and
  periodicity.

33
(3) Parallel structure

• In the selection, there isnt any parallel
  structure except that the first sentence is
  composed of two coordinate clauses.

34
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows I is repeatedly used
  together with my their is used in connection
  with my sons that ladder is used to refer to
  newspaper work, and so on.

35
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentences it contains are grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, wholesome,
  constantly, success, hereafter, testify,
  steadily, otherwise, and others.

36
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

37
A) Translation 1

• ???????????????,???????????,????????????????
  ???????????????,??????????????????????,???????????
  ????,?????,????,?????

38
Comments

• By following the original rigidly in terms of
  both vocabulary and structure, the translation
  has produced unsatisfactory results in that by
  placing???????????immediately before ????, the
  reader might be misled to understand that but now
  I am not referring my first successes to the
  wholesome training of sever newspaper work.
  ???????????????is a mistranslation of my sons
  will hereafter testify to their father, which
  should be understood as after my death, my sons
  will testify to their fatheras could be
  evidenced by the word was used in the subordinate
  clause that follows.

39
B) Translation 2

• ??????,?????????????????,???????????????????
  ?????,????????????????????????,???????????????,???
  ?,?????????

40
Comments

• The second translation has put right some of
  the mistakes in the first. However, ???????????
  has in essence not improved on the corresponding
  previous part at all. Nevertheless, some minor
  readjustments can be witnessed throughout in the
  present translation.

41
C) Translation 3

• ?????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ??????,???????????????????????,????,??????????????
  ?????,????????????

42
Comments

• The present translation has put right the
  remaining mistake in Translation 2. In addition,
  it has reduced the first long sentence in
  Translation 2 into a condensed short sentence.
  Besides, taking into consideration of Chinese
  norms, the present translation has employed such
  ready expressions as?????????? ????and others to
  substitute for the corresponding parts in the
  previous translation and ????????????? and
  ???????????, are results of explicit translation.
  Consequently, the present translation is more
  readable, coherent and authentic.

43
Original 33

• Hence, gentlemen, under any circumstances,
  this company would have been exceptionally
  interesting and gratifying to me. But whereas I
  supposed that like the fairies pavilion in
  Arabian Nights, it would be but a mere handful,
  and I find it turn out, like the same elastic
  pavilion, capable of comprehending a multitude,
  so much the more proud am I of the honor of being
  your guest for you will readily believe that the
  more widely representative of the press in
  America my entertainers are, the more I must feel
  the good-will and the kindly sentiments towards
  me of the vast institution.

44
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

45
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes
• (4) Paraphrase

46
(1) Sentence structure

• The selection consists of two sentences, of
  which the first sentence is simple in structure
  while the second is a complex sentence, composed
  of an adverbial clause of concession which
  consists of a main clause and an object clause, a
  main clause, consisting of two coordinate
  clauses, and an adverbial clause of consequence
  with an adverbial clause of reason after it,
  which in turn consists of a main clause and an
  adverbial clause of comparison in the pattern the
  more, the more.

47
(2) Additional complication

• The first sentence has a complicated
  beginning composed of an adverb, a vocative and a
  prepositional phrase. The second sentence begins
  with an adverb followed by an adverbial clause,
  whose subject clause begins with a prepositional
  structure in the second coordinate clause of the
  main clause of the sentence, there is a
  parenthesis embedded, that is, like the same
  elastic pavilion and the order of the adverbial
  clause of consequence is partially inverted, and
  so is the order of the adverbial clause of
  comparison together with its main clause. And the
  first sentence is in subjunctive mood.

48
(3) Notes

• In the second sentence, but whereas I
  supposed that like the fairies pavilion in
  Arabian Nights means but in contrast to my
  supposition that . The pavilion in Arabian
  Nights refers to a small tent that can
  accommodate a small number of people. Still in
  the second sentence, it would be but a mere
  handful means it would only be a few and and I
  find it turn out, like the same elastic pavilion,
  capable of comprehending a multitude could be
  rearranged in this way and I find it turn out
  capable of comprehending a multitude like the
  same elastic pavilion.

49
Notes (continued)

• The backbone structure of But whereas I supposed
  that like the fairies pavilion in Arabian
  Nights, it would be but a mere handful, and I
  find it turn out, like the same elastic pavilion,
  capable of comprehending a multitude, so much the
  more proud am I of the honor of being your guest
  is but whereas I supposed that it would be ,
  and I find it, so much the more proud am I of
  for you will readily believe.

50
(4) Paraphrase

• Based on the above analysis, we believe that
  it is unnecessary to paraphrase the first
  sentence and in the following, only the second
  sentence is paraphrased. Originally I supposed
  that like the fairies pavilion in Arabian
  Nights, the gathering would only consist of a
  small number of entertainers but I find out that
  it turns out to be, like the same elastic
  pavilion, capable of accommodating a great many.
  For this reason, I am much more proud of the
  honor of being your guest. The reason lies within
  your ready belief that the more representatives
  come from the press of America as my
  entertainers, the more good-will and kind
  sentiments towards me of the vast organization I
  must feel.

51
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

52
(1) Periodicity

• The two sentences in the selection are
  periodic in structure, for the first has a
  complicated beginning while the second begins
  with an adverb and an adverbial clause of
  contrast together with a prepositional phrase
  embedded as a parenthesis.

53
(2) Structural complication

• The first is a simple sentence while the
  second is structurally complicated with multiple
  embeddings.

54
(3) Parallel structure

• In the selection, parallel structures could
  be found, for example, interesting and
  gratifying like the fairies pavilion and like
  the same elastic pavilion and the more, the
  more .

55
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows I is repeatedly used with me
  and my as partial repetitions pavilion is
  repeated the vast institution is used to stand
  for the press in America and this company.

56
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentences it contains are grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, gentlemen,
  circumstance, company, exceptionally,
  interesting, gratifying, suppose, pavilion,
  elastic, comprehending, multitude,
  representative, entertainer, sentiment, and so
  on.

57
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

58
A) Translation 1

• ??,???,????????,???????????????,???????????,
  ??????????????????????,????,???,????????????,???
  ??????,??,?????????????????,???????,??????????????
  ??????,???????????????????????????

59
Comments

• The translation is, in some places, if not
  all, a clumsy imitation of the original. For
  example, even in the translated context, ??in the
  first line and ??in the last are beyond
  understanding. Actually, company here refers to
  those working for newspapers and institution
  means the private association of the working
  members of the press of New York. In addition,
  ????,???,????????????,?????????is not well
  organized.

60
B) Translation 2

• ??,???,??????,??????,????????,?????????,???
  ?????????????,??????????????????,???,???????????,
  ?????????????,?????????,????????,??????,??????????
  ??????????,?????????????????????????

61
Comments

• The present translation has found solutions
  to all the problems discussed in the above
  comments. In addition, unexpected improvements
  have also been made by using such ready Chinese
  expressions as????????????????????????????
  ????????????????,?????????????
  ?????????,????? ????????????????????????, etc.
  However, this does not necessarily imply that
  there is not any room for further improvement.

62
C) Translation 3

• ??,???,????????,???????????,?????????,??????
  ???????????????,??????????????,????????,?????,??
  ???????????,????????,???????????,???????,?????????
  ??????,???????,??????????????????

63
Comments

• The present translation has improved on the
  previous when such expressions are employed
  as???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
  ????????,?????,?????????? ????
  ???????,???????????????,??????? ???????, and
  others. Consequently, it can be regarded as a
  piece of authentic Chinese writing if the reader
  is not informed of the fact that it is not the
  original but a translation.

64
Original 34

• Gentlemen, I henceforth charge myself, not
  only here but on every suitable occasion
  whatsoever and wheresoever, to express my high
  and grateful sense of my second reception in
  America, and to bear my honest testimony to the
  national generosity and magnanimity. Also, to
  declare how astounded I have been by the amazing
  changes that I have seen around me on every side.
  Nor am I, believe me, so arrogant as to suppose
  that in five-and-twenty years there have been no
  changes in me, and that I had nothing to learn
  and no extreme impressions to correct when I was
  here first.

65
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

66
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes

67
(1) Sentence structure

• The selection consists of three sentences, of
  which the first is a simple sentence the second
  is actually an infinitive phrase with I
  henceforth charge myself omitted, but it consists
  of an object clause with an attributive clause
  embedded the third is a complex sentence,
  composed of a main clause and two coordinate
  adverbial clauses of consequence, of which the
  second has an adverbial clause of time embedded.

68
(2) Additional complication

• The first sentence has not only here but on
  every suitable occasion whatsoever and
  wheresoever embedded as a parenthesis the second
  is not a sentence but an infinitive phrase
  coordinate with to express my high and grateful
  sense in the first sentence, but it has
  obtained a sentential status and the third
  sentence is inverted and has believe me embedded
  as a parenthesis.

69
(3) Notes

• In the first sentence, I henceforth charge
  myself, not only here but on every suitable
  occasion whatsoever and wheresoever, to express
  my high and grateful sense of my second reception
  in America, and to bear my honest testimony to
  the national generosity and magnanimity could be
  reduced to the essentials like that I charge
  myself to express and to bear. In the third
  sentence, nor am I is used in connection to
  not only that goes before it. Also in the same
  sentence, and that I had nothing to learn and no
  extreme impressions to correct when I was here
  first could be understood as a whole parallel to
  that in five-and-twenty years there have been no
  changes in me.

70
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

71
(1) Periodicity

• The selection consists of three sentences, of
  which the first is periodic in that it begins
  with a vocative and has a parenthesis embedded.
  The second can also be regarded as periodic for
  the beginning with also, and so is the third for
  the embedding of the parenthesis believe me.

72
(2) Structural complication

• All the sentences are structurally
  complicated to some extent. specifically, the
  first sentence has two coordinate infinitive
  phrases the second sentence has an attributive
  clause embedded in the object clause and the
  third sentence has two coordinate adverbial
  clauses of consequence.

73
(3) Parallel structure

• Parallel structures are frequently used, for
  example, not only here but on every suitable
  occasion whatsoever and wheresoever to
  express, to bear and to declare high and
  grateful generosity and magnanimity and that,
  and that .

74
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows parallel structures are
  frequently used I is repeatedly used together
  with me, my and myself as partial repetitions
  national is used as a partial repetition for
  America the word changes is repeated I charge
  myself in the second sentence is omitted, and so
  on.

75
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentences it contains are grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, whatsoever,
  wheresoever, reception, generosity, magnanimity,
  astound, suppose, impression, etc.

76
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

77
A) Translation 1

• ???,??????,????????,?????,??????????,???????
  ?,????????,????????????????????????,??????????????
  ???????,????,???????????????????????????????,????,
  ????,???????????,???????,????????????,????????????
  ?,???????????

78
Comments

• The translation of the first two sentences of
  the original can be regarded as a good work,
  although????????and????????are not very coherent
  in their context. The translation of the second,
  however, sounds exotic, especially by
  putting??????????at the end of the translation.

79
B) Translation 2

• ???,?????,????????,?????,??????????,????????
  ??,???????????,?????????????????????????,?????????
  ????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????
  ??,????????,???????????,??????,???????????????????
  ????????,???????????????

80
Comments

• The present translation has improved on the
  previous when the above-mentioned problems are
  solved, although such expressions as???????is
  still incongruous to some extent. Taking into
  account the Chinese norms respecting the
  translation at hand, however, much is still left
  to be desired.

81
C) Translation 3

• ???,????,????????,?????,????????????????????
  ??????????????,???????????????????????????,???????
  ,????,????????????,???????????,???????,???????????
  ????,????????????,?????????,????????????,????????
  ?????

82
Comments

• The present translation has turned to
  reorganizing and rewriting. For example, the
  first two sentences in the original is now
  translated into one with the emphatic expressions
  whatsoever and wheresoever deleted and
  ????inserted. In translating the last sentence in
  the original, the clause???????????????, ????????
  is seemingly unjustifiably added but the ideas do
  exist between the lines of the original. However,
  by taking all these measures, the translation
  sounds more readable, coherent and hence
  authentic, since the redundant information,
  though emphatic, is eliminated and the implied
  meaning is made explicit.

83
Original 35

• Gentlemen, the transition from my own
  feelings towards and interest in America to those
  of the mass of my countrymen seems to be natural
  one but, whether or no, I make it with an
  express object. I was asked in this very city,
  about last Christmas time, whether an American
  was not at some disadvantage in England as a
  foreigner. The notion of an American being
  regarded in England as a foreigner at all, of his
  ever being thought of or spoken of in that
  character, was so uncommonly incongruous and
  absurd to me, that my gravity was, for the
  moment, quite overpowered. As soon as it was
  restored, I said that for years and years past I
  hoped I had had as many American friends and had
  received as many American visitors as almost any
  Englishman living, and that my unvarying
  experience, fortified by theirs, was that it was
  enough in England to be an American to be
  received with readiest respect and recognition,
  anywhere.

84
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

85
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes
• (4) Paraphrase

86
(1) Sentence structure

• The selection consists of four sentences, of
  which the first is a compound sentence, composed
  of two coordinate clauses the second is a
  complex sentence, composed of a main clause and
  an object clause the third is again a complex
  sentence, composed of a main clause and an
  adverbial clause of consequence and the last is
  a complicated complex sentence, composed of an
  adverbial clause of time and a main clause, which
  is in turn composed of a main clause and two
  coordinate object clauses, of which the first has
  another object clause further embedded and the
  second has a predicative clause further embedded.

87
(2) Additional complication

• The first sentence begins with a vocative and
  has whether or no embedded as a parenthesis the
  second sentence has a parenthesis embedded, that
  is, about last Christmas time the third sentence
  has at least for the moment embedded as a
  parenthesis if of his ever being thought of or
  spoken of in that character is not counted as
  another and the last sentence begins with an
  adverbial clause and has fortified by theirs
  embedded as a parenthesis.

88
(3) Notes

• In the first sentence, the transition from my
  own feelings towards and interest in America to
  those of the mass of my countrymen can be
  simplified to the transition from A to B, meaning
  changing from A into B. In the same sentence,
  whether or no could be understood as whether or
  not and make it means succeed in reaching. In
  the third sentence the notion of an American
  being regarded in England as a foreigner at all,
  of his ever being thought of or spoken of in that
  character can be understood in this manner the
  notion of an American being regarded, the notion
  of his ever being thought of or the notion of
  his being spoken of, where in that character
  means as a foreigner.

89
Notes (continued)

• Andso uncommonly incongruous and absurd to
  me, that my gravity was, for the moment, quite
  overpowered can be simplified to so that the
  main clause of the fourth sentence, I said that
  for years and years past I hoped I had had as
  many American friends and had received as many
  American visitors as almost any Englishman
  living, and that my unvarying experience,
  fortified by theirs, can be simplified to I
  said that and that. In it was enough in
  England to be an American to be received with
  readiest respect and recognition, anywhere in the
  last sentence, it is the formal subject, and to
  be received with is the real subject, and so the
  whole lot can be rewritten into to be received
  with was enough in England to be an American.

90
(4) Paraphrase

• In the selection, it is unnecessary to
  paraphrase the first two sentences and for easy
  understanding, the last two sentences could be
  roughly paraphrased as follows An American is
  regarded as a foreigner in England, or is ever
  thought of or spoken of as such. This notion
  sounds extremely incongruous and absurd to me.
  Consequently, I felt so grave for the moment as
  to be overpowered. The moment I was restored to
  normal, I said that for years and years in the
  past, I wished that I had had as many American
  friends and received as many American visitors as
  any living Englishman. I also said that to be
  received anywhere in England with readiest
  respect and recognition was enough. And that is
  my unvarying experience and that experience is
  fortified by other Englishmens.

91
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

92
(1) Periodicity

• All the sentences in the selection are
  periodic in structure for the reason that the
  first sentence begins with a vocative and has a
  parenthesis embedded the second sentence has a
  parenthesis embedded the third sentence has at
  least one or at most two parentheses embedded
  and the last sentence begins with an adverbial
  clause and has a parenthesis embedded.

93
(2) Structural complication

• All the four sentences are complicated in
  structure for the embeddings, though the first is
  a compound sentence.

94
(3) Parallel structure

• Parallel structures are frequently used, for
  example, feelings towards and interest in
  whether or no of an American being regarded in
  England as a foreigner at all, of his ever being
  thought of or spoken of in that character
  thought of or spoken of years and years I said
  that and that had had as many American friends
  and had received as many American visitors and
  respect and recognition.

95
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows parallel structures are
  frequently used those is used to substitute for
  feelings and interest American, England,
  foreigner and years are repeated in that
  character is used in connection with foreigner
  and so on.

96
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentences it contains are grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, incongruous, absurd,
  overpower, unvarying, fortify, and others.

97
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

98
A) Translation 1

• ???,?????????????????????,???????????????,??
  ???????????????????,?????,?????????,???????,??????
  ?????????????????,???????????????????,????,????,??
  ??????????????????,?????????????????,????????,????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
  ????,??????,????????????????????,?????

99
Comments

• On the whole, the above can be regarded as a
  word-for-word or clause-for-clause translation,
  for there are many expressions that sound
  unauthentic such as ?????????????????????
  ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????????
  ????????????????????, and others. However, if we
  should accept the tolerable incoherence, as Lu
  Xun once advocated, the translation on the whole
  is acceptable.

100
B) Translation 2

• ???,?????????????????????????,??????????????
  ,??????????????????????,??????,?????,???????,?????
  ??????????????????,?????????????,????,????,???????
  ??????????????????????????????,????????,??????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????,????
  ??,????????????????????,?????

101
Comments

• Parts of the weak points as mentioned in the
  above comments are, to a large extent, improved
  on when new expressions such as?? ???????????
  ??????? ????????????? ????????????? and others
  are used as substitutes for the corresponding
  parts in the previous translation.
  ??????????????????and????????????????????still
  sound unauthentic and incongruous in the context.

102
C) Translation 3

• ???,?????????????????????????,?????????????,??
  ????????????????,??????,?????,???????,????????????
  ??????????,?????????????,????,????,???????????????
  ?????????????????????,????,????????,??????????????
  ?????????????,?????????????????????????????????,??
  ???????,????,???????????????????,???????,?????????
  ??

103
Comments

• In the first two sentences of the present
  translation, minor adaptations can be witnessed.
  However, from the third sentence on, drastic
  adaptations are imposed such as?????????????
  ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????,?????????
  ???????????????????,???????,??????????, and
  others. All the adaptations may deviate from the
  original differently. However, they are justified
  by the implied meanings in the original and in
  the light of the context-triggered Chinese norms.

104
Exercises

• 31-35

105
Exercise 31

• Today, gentlemen, as I know that many among
  you are interested in the land, and as I feel
  that what is termed agricultural distress is at
  the present moment a topic too serious to be
  omitted from our consideration, I shall say some
  words upon the subject of that agricultural
  distress, and particularly because in connection
  with it there have arisen in some quarters of the
  country proposals, which have received a
  countenance far beyond their deserts, to reverse
  or to compromise the work which it took us one
  whole generation to achieve, and to revert to the
  mischievous, obstructive, and impoverishing
  system of protection.
• (William Ewart Glastone,
• On Domestic and Foreign Affairs)

106
Exercise 32

• I beg leave to thank you for the extremely
  kind and appreciative manner in which you have
  received the toast of Science. It is the more
  grateful to me to hear that toast proposed in an
  assembly of this kind, because I have noticed of
  late years a great and growing tendency among
  those who were once jestingly said to have been
  born in a pre-scientific age to look upon science
  as an invading and aggressive force, which if it
  had its own way would oust from the universe all
  other pursuits. I think there are many persons
  who look upon this new birth of our times as a
  sort of monster rising out of the sea of modern
  thought with the purpose of devouring the
  Andromeda of art.
• (Thomas Henry Luxley, Science and Art)

107
Exercise 33

• Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Lolos Club,
  - One might start a great many principles and
  ideas which would require to be illustrated and
  drawn out in order to present a picture of my
  feelings at the present moment. I am conscious
  that in my immediate vicinity there are people
  who were great when I was little. I remember very
  well when I was unknown to anybody, how I was
  sent to report a lecture by my friend right
  opposite, Mr. George Alfred Townsend, and I
  remember the manner in which he said Galileo
  said The world moves round, and the world does
  move round, upon the platform of the Mercantile
  Hall in St. Louis one of the grandest things
  out.
• (Henry Morton Stanley,
• Through the Dark Continent)

108
Exercise 34

• Ladies and gentlemen,
• I shall have the pleasure of speaking to you
  about certain traits of character of the people
  of my nation. One of the first traits I shall
  illustrate is their humor. We are, I hope, a
  Christian people, but I am certain that our
  Christianity has been tested a good many times by
  that often-repeated proverb of Sidney Smiths,
  that it takes a surgical operation to get a joke
  into a Scotchmans head.

109
Exercise 34 (continued)

• A recent writer, whom I cannot identify, and
  whose name I do not want to know, denies that
  there is anything in our humor that is light in
  touch, delicate and graceful. He asserts instead
  that there is much that is austere and awkward,
  tiresome, and unpleasant. Now each nation takes
  its own humor in its own way, some joyously, some
  seriously, but none more conscientiously than the
  Scotch.
• (John Watson, Scottish Humor)

110
Exercise 35

• Friends,
• I cannot help thinking tonight of the many
  hundreds of meetings that have been held in this
  country in defense of the principle of womens
  enfranchisement. How many times have noble women
  poured forth their very soul in an appeal for
  political justice. How many times has such an
  appeal been made, and made to ears that were deaf
  and unheeding. It is well for us all to remember
  that we are engaged in no new movement. There
  were those who came before us, pioneers of forty
  and fifty-six years ago, who began the agitation
  for woman suffrage. They worked well, they worked
  devotedly, and yet, after all those years of hard
  work, women have not yet got the Parliamentary
  vote.
• (Miss Christabel Pankhurst, The Militant
  Suffragette)

111
???

• 36-40

112
Original 36

• Hereupon, out of half-a-dozen people,
  suddenly spoke out two, one an American
  gentleman, with a cultivated taste for art, who,
  finding himself on a certain Sunday outside the
  walls of a certain historical English castle,
  famous for its pictures, was refused admission
  there, according to the strict rules of the
  establishment on that day, but who, on merely
  representing that he was an American gentleman,
  on his travels, had, not to say the picture
  gallery, but the whole castle, placed at his
  immediate disposal.

113
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

114
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes
• (4) Paraphrase

115
(1) Sentence structure

• The selection consists of a single complex
  sentence, composed of a main clause and two
  coordinate attributive clauses, of which the
  second has an object clause further embedded.

116
(2) Additional complication

• The sentence begins with an adverb followed
  by a compound prepositional phrase the main
  clause is in inverted order, whose normal order
  should be two suddenly spoke out one an
  American gentleman is an absolute nominal
  construction, whose sentential version should be
  one was an American gentleman. In the sentence,
  the prepositional phrase at the beginning, with a
  cultivated taste for art, famous for its
  pictures, according to the strict rules of the
  establishment on that day, on merely representing
  that, on his travels, and not to say the picture
  gallery, but the whole castle are parenthetic
  structures, although the last one should
  structurally be the object of the pattern have
  placed at ones disposal.

117
(3) Notes

• Hereupon out of half-a-dozen people, suddenly
  spoke out two, means at this moment, two out of
  half-a-dozen suddenly spoke out who, finding
  himself on a certain Sunday outside the walls of
  a certain historical English castle, famous for
  its pictures, was refused admission there,
  according to the strict rules of the
  establishment on that day, but who, on merely
  representing that he was an American gentleman,
  on his travels, had, not to say the picture
  gallery, but the whole castle, placed at his
  immediate disposal can be reduced to the backbone
  structure like this who was refused, but who
  had not only the picture gallery but also the
  whole castle placed at the phrase on merely
  presenting that means as soon as he only told
  them that the phrase not to say means not to
  speak of, and the phrase not to say, butmeans
  not only but also in the last two lines,
  had, not to say the picture gallery, but the
  whole castle, placed at his immediate disposal
  can be reduced to had not only A but also B
  placed at his immediate disposal.

118
(4) Paraphrase

• To reduce possible understanding barriers, we
  will paraphrase the selection as follows Just at
  that moment, two people out of half a dozen spoke
  out. Of the two, one was an American gentleman.
  He said that on a certain Sunday he found himself
  outside a certain historical English castle,
  which is famous for its pictures. But he was not
  allowed to enter, for according to the strict
  rules, the castle would not open on that day.
  However, he told them that he was an American and
  was traveling in England. Immediately, he was let
  in to see not only the picture gallery but also
  the whole castle.

119
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

120
(1) Periodicity

• The selection consists of a single complex
  sentence, periodic in structure for the beginning
  and the multiplication of parenthetic embeddings.

121
(2) Structural complication

• The subject and the predicate of the main
  clause are inverted and the sentence contains an
  absolute nominal construction. All these features
  point to the fact that the selection is
  structurally very complicated.

122
(3) Parallel structure

• Parallel structures could be found though not
  frequently identifiable, for example, who, and
  who, and not to say the picture gallery, but
  the whole castle .

123
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows parallel structures could be
  found one and two are used in connection with
  half-a-dozen American gentleman is used in
  connection with half-a-dozen people walls,
  castle, establishment, pictures, admission,
  picture gallery are semantically related castle,
  picture and American gentleman are repeated he
  and his are repeatedly used to refer to the
  American gentleman, and so on.

124
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentence it contains is grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, gentleman,
  cultivate, admission, establishment, represent,
  immediate, disposal, etc.

125
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

126
A) Translation 1

• ????,?????,?????????,??????,????????????????
  ?????????????????????,?????????????????,??????????
  ??????,?????????????,??????????,?????????????

127
Comments

• In the above translation, some expressions
  sound quite exotic, for example, ?????????
  ???????????????????????? ????????????. If we
  say, the first two are understandable, the last
  one lies beyond understanding. In addition, some
  parts in the translation should be fronted, for
  example, ?????????? ?????????????, and so on.
  And of course, the inverted version is translated
  into a normal version in accordance to Chinese
  norms.

128
B) Translation 2

• ????,?????,?????????????????,???,???????????
  ????????????????,?????????????,???????????,???????
  ???,?????????????,??????????,????????????????

129
Comments

• In the translation, all the words and
  sentences are in authentic Chinese except for
  some minor points such as????? ???and so on. And
  maybe the sentence??????????????????,??????????cou
  ld be rearranged.

130
C) Translation 3

• ????,?????????,?????????,????????,?????,????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ?,???????????,?????????????,?????,?????,??????????
  ???????

131
Comments

• The present translation is much improved on
  the previous in that a great many authentic
  expressions are employed as substitutes for the
  previous corresponding parts. Among them
  are????????? ????? ???????????????????????
  ??????? ????? ??????and others. Consequently,
  the translation is much more readable, coherent
  and authentic, even sounding like a piece of
  Chinese writing, about what happened in a foreign
  environment, though.

132
Original 37

• The other was lady, who, being in London, and
  having a great desire to see the famous
  reading-room of British Museum, was assured by
  the English family with whom she stayed that it
  was unfortunately impossible, because the place
  was closed for a week, and she had only three
  days there. Upon that ladys going to the Museum,
  as she assured me, alone to the gate,
  self-introduced as an American lady, the gate
  flew open, as it were, magically.

133
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

134
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes

135
(1) Sentence structure

• The selection consists of two sentences, of
  which the first is a complex sentence, composed
  of a main clause, an attributive clause, an
  object clause and an adverbial clause of reason,
  which is composed of two coordinate clauses, and
  there is an attributive clause embedded in the
  prepositional phrase by the English family . The
  second is also a complex sentence, composed of an
  adverbial clause of reason and a main clause with
  a parenthetic clause embedded near the end of the
  sentence.

136
(2) Additional complication

• Between the subject and the predicate of the
  first attributive clause in the first sentence,
  there is a parenthetic structure embedded and
  the second sentence begins with a prepositional
  phrase and has as she assured me, alone to the
  gate, self-introduced as an American lady, and as
  it were embedded as parentheses.

137
(3) Notes

• Who, being in London, and having a great
  desire to see the famous reading-room of British
  Museum, was assured by the English family with
  whom she stayed that it was unfortunately
  impossible, because the place was closed for a
  week, and she had only three days there could be
  reduced into a backbone structure like this who
  was assured that .

138
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

139
(1) Periodicity

• The two sentences are both periodic in
  structure for the reason that the first sentence
  has a parenthetic structure embedded while the
  second sentence begins with a prepositional
  phrase in addition to the embedding of a number
  of parentheses.

140
(2) Structural complication

• The two sentences in the selection are
  grammatically complicated for their complexity
  and the embedding of parentheses.

141
(3) Parallel structure

• In the selection, parallel structures are
  used, for example, being in London, and having a
  great desire and the place was closed for a
  week, and she had only three days there.

142
(4) Cohesive device

• In terms of cohesive device, examples could
  be found as follows parallel structures are
  used lady and Museum are repeated she is
  repeatedly used to stand for lady, American lady
  or the lady three days and a week are used in
  contrast the famous reading-room is used as part
  of the British Museum, and so on.

143
(5) Structural and lexical formality

• Structurally, the selection is formal in that
  the sentences it contains are grammatically
  complete and free from colloquial structures.
  Lexically, formal words and nominalizations are
  popularly used, for example, assure,
  unfortunately, introduce, magically, etc., since
  all these words are frequently used nowadays.

144
2) Staged translation

• A) Translation 1 with comments
• B) Translation 2 with comments
• C) Translation 3 with comments

145
A) Translation 1

• ???????,???,?????????????????????????,??????
  ???,???,??????,??,????????,???????????????????,???
  ????,????????,?????,?????????????????,????,???????
  ???

146
Comments

• The first sentence of the translation is well
  rendered. However, the second could be
  reorganized and the third should also go through
  the process of reorganization. For example,
  ????could be fronted ?????????sounds incongruous
  in the context.

147
B) Translation 2

• ???????,?????????????????????????????,??????
  ???,????,??????????,??????????,???????????????????
  ?,???????,?????????,?????,?????????????????????,??
  ????????

148
Comments

• The translation sounds much better now,
  except for perhaps the very last clause, although
  other places could be further improved in
  accordance with Chinese norms. For example,
  ???????sounds abrupt ????,??????????,??????????,?
  ??????????sounds a little colloquial, and so on.

149
C) Translation 3

• ????????????????,???????????????????????????
  ??,????,???????,???????????,???????????????,??????
  ???,???,??????,??????????????,???????????,????????
  ?????????????

150
Comments

• The translation is drastically different from
  the previous when????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???
  ?????? ????are seemingly unjustifiably
  inserted, when ???? ?????? ???????? and others
  are substituted for the corresponding parts in
  the previous translation. Consequently, it sounds
  more like a piece of writing than a translation.
  However, all the ideas could be found in the
  original, though some of them are between the
  lines.

151
Original 38

• Now, gentlemen, I refer to these trifles as
  collateral assurance to you that the Englishmen
  who shall humbly strive, as I hope to do, to be
  in England as faithful to America as to England
  herself, have no previous conceptions to contend
  against. Points of difference there have been,
  points of difference there are, points of
  difference there probably always will be between
  the two great peoples.

152
Original 38 (continued)

• But broadcast in England is sown the sentiment
  that those two peoples are essentially one, and
  that it rests with them jointly to uphold the
  great Anglo-Saxon race, to which our president
  has referred, and all its great achievements
  before the world. And if I know anything of my
  countrymen and they give me credit for knowing
  something if I know anything of my countrymen,
  gentlemen, the English heart is stirred by the
  fluttering of those Stars and Stripes, as it is
  stirred by no other flag that flies except its
  own.

153
1) Analysis of the original

• A) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysis

154
A) Grammatical analysis

• (1) Sentence structure
• (2) Additional complication
• (3) Notes

155
(1) Sentence structure

• The selection consists of four sentences, of
  which the first is a complex sentence, composed
  of a main clause, and an appositive clause, which
  in turn is composed of a main clause and an
  attributive clause with a parenthetic clause
  embedded. The second is a compound sentence,
  composed of three coordinate clauses.

156
Sentence structure (continued)

• The third is a complex sentence, composed of a
  main clause and two coordinate appositive
  clauses, the second of which has an attributive
  clause embedded. The fourth is again a complex
  clause, composed of a conditional clause, which
  is then repeated, and a main clause with an
  adverbial clause of manner embedded.

157
(2) Additional complication

• The first sentence begins with an adverb and
  a vocative, and has a parenthetic clause
  embedded in the third sentence, the great
  Anglo-Saxon race and all its great achievements
  before the world are in coordination and in the
  fourth sentence, between the two conditional
  clauses, there is a clause in between, that is,
  and they give me credit for knowing something.

158
(3) Notes

• In the first sentence, the Englishmen who
  shall humbly strive, as I hope to do, to be in
  England as faithful to America as to England
  herself, have no previous conceptions to contend
  against can be reduced into the backbone
  structure like this the Englishmen have no
  previous conceptions to contend against in I
  refer to these trifles as collateral assurance to
  you that, the that clause is in apposition to
  assurance in the third sentence, is sown means
  is sowing the sentiment is followed by two
  appositive clauses that these two peoples, and
  that it rests with them in it rests with them
  jointly to uphold, to uphold is the real subject
  and it the formal subject.

159
B) Stylistic analysis

• (1) Periodicity
• (2) Structural complication
• (3) Parallel structure
• (4) Cohesive device
• (5) Structural and lexical formality

160
(1) Periodicity

• Three of the four sentences in the selection
  are periodic in that the first sentence begins
  with an adverb and a vocative, and has a
  parenthetic clause embedded the third sentence
  has a parenthetic attributive clause embedded
  and the fourth sentence begins with two
  conditional clauses with a parenthetic clause
  embedded in between.

161
(2) Structural complication

• 3 out of 4 are complex sentences and 3 out
  of 4 are periodic sentences.

162
(3) Parallel structure

• Parallel structures are frequently used for
  instance, as faithful to America as to England
  herself points of difference there have been,
  points of difference there are, points of
  difference there probably always will be between
  the two great peoples that those two peoples are
  essentially one, and that it rests with them
  jointly to uphold the great Anglo-Saxon
  race,and all its great achievements and the
  English heart is stirred, as it is stirred .
• In the selection, some structures are
  repeated or partially repeated, for example,
  points of difference there have been, points of
  difference there are, points of difference there
  probably always will be and if I know anything
  of my countrymen.

163