The Catholic or

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The Catholic or Counter-Reformation
1560-1648
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Europe c. 1550
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What is the Catholic or Counter-Reformation?

• Whats in a name?
• Period of Roman Catholic revival in the wake of
  Protestant Reformation
• Comprehensive reform effort on behalf of the
  Roman Catholic Church

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Reform in the Diocese
Diocese territorial unit administered by a
bishop
Led by Cardinal Cisneros in Spain and Bishop
Giberti in Italy
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New Rules for Clergy

• Live in parish
• Attend Confession
• Preach/Teach every Sunday
• Give up wives
• Improve knowledge of Church writing

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DEVOTIONALISM
Dedication to a spiritual life of sacrifice
Goal provide an individual outlet for religious
experience Ex meditiation, reciting the Rosary
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New Religious Orders

• Capuchins
• Ursulines
• Theatines
• Barnabites
• Jesuits

What They Did Strengthened rural parishes
Improved piety Curbed church corruption Set
examples for renewing faith comittment
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Saint Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
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SOCIETY OF JESUS (JESUITS)

• Vows of poverty, chastity obedience to Pope
• Militant fighters for God against Satan
• Confessors to monarchs and princes
• Missionaries to New World, Africa and Asia
• Educators - founded schools and seminaries

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Is Compromise Possible?
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FRANCE GERMANY Compromise between Protestants
Catholics Reform Popes power
PAPACY Reassert orthodox Roman Catholic doctrine
SPAIN Continue with reforms of dioeces started by
Cisneros
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The Council of Trent 1545-1563 Pope Paul III
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• Goals
• Condemn Protestantism and define beliefs of
  Catholic Church on all disputed points
• Reform Catholic Church administration

• Results
• Papal victory
• 2/3 delegates Italian
• No concessions to Protestants

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Council Decisions

• Church interpretation of Bible is final
• Need faith AND good works for salvation
• Indulgences were valid, but false selling is
  banned

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CATHOLIC Reformation doesnt seem to be enough
Protestantism is still growing
Now begins harsher tactics of the COUNTER
Reformation
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INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS
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The Inquisition

• Originally established by Ferdinand Isabella in
  1478 to investigate suspicious conversos
• The first General Inquisitor was Thomas de
  Torquemada

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Rules of Inquisition
When the faith is in question, there must be no
delay, but on the slightest suspicion rigorous
measures must be taken with all speed.
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Rules of Inquisition
No consideration is to be shown to any prince or
prelate, however high his station.
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Rules of Inquisition
Extreme severity is rather to be exercised
against those who attempt to shield themselves
under the protection of any potentate. Only he
who makes plenary confession should be treated
with gentleness and fatherly compassion.
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Rules of Inquisition
No man must debase himself by showing toleration
toward heretics of any kind.
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The Spanish Inquisition Spain officially ended in
1808. In total, 323,362 Jews, Moslems
Protestants were burned. Thousands more were
imprisoned, tortured or exiled.
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Legacies of Reformation

• Protestant faiths flourish
• Catholic Church becomes more unified
• Role of education increases
• Church power declines
• Rise of MONARCHS and NATION-STATES