Motivacija

1
Motivacija

• Doc.dr. Marija Bohinc Univerza v Ljubljani EF
• Magistrski tudij 2008

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What is Motivation?

• Motivation is the psychological process
  through which unsatisfied needs or wants lead to
  drives that are aimed at goals or incentives.

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Content vs. Process Theoriesof Motivation

• Content theories of motivation explain the
  specific factors that motivate people and answers
  the question what drives behavior?
• Process theories of motivation helps explain how
  an individuals behavior is energized, directed,
  sustained, and stopped.

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Content (Exogenous) Theories of Motivation

• Focus on factors or needs within a person that
• energize, direct, sustain, and stop behavior
• Maslow
• Aldefer
• Herzberg

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Process (Endogenous) Theories of Motivation

• Skinner Reinforcement Theory
• Vroom Expectancy Theory
• Equity Theory
• Locke Goal-Setting Theory

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Maslow Holistic-Dynamic Theory

• Human needs organized in hierarchy of prepotency
• Prepotency- higher needs emerge as lower ones are
  satisfied
• Emerge in a different order in different people
• A satisfied or gratified need is not a satisfier
  of behavior

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Maslow Holistic-Dynamic Theory

• Hierarchy
• Physiological - most prepotent, strongest of
  human needs when unsatisfied
• Safety
• Love, affection, and belongingness
• Esteem
• Self-Actualization

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Herzberg Two Factor Theory of Motivation

• Extrinsic conditions, hygiene factors, or
  dissatisfiers
• salary, job security, working conditions, status
• Maintain to prevent dissatisfaction
• Intrinsic conditions, motivators, or satisfiers
• achievement, recognition, responsibility,
  advancement
• Use to create satisfaction

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Content (Exogenous) Theories of Motivation

• Focus on factors or needs within a person that
• energize, direct, sustain, and stop behavior
• Maslow
• Aldefer
• Herzberg

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Criticisms of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• Lack of evidence that workers have a single
  dominant need.
• Lack of evidence that a need diminishes in
  strength when gratified.
• Difficulty explaining individuals who neglect
  their lower level needs in pursuit of higher
  level needs (i.e., starving artist).

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Process (Endogenous) Theories of Motivation

• Skinner Reinforcement Theory
• Vroom Expectancy Theory
• Equity Theory
• Locke Goal-Setting Theory

13
Maslow Holistic-Dynamic Theory

• Human needs organized in hierarchy of prepotency
• Prepotency- higher needs emerge as lower ones are
  satisfied
• Emerge in a different order in different people
• A satisfied or gratified need is not a satisfier
  of behavior

14
Maslow Holistic-Dynamic Theory

• Hierarchy
• Physiological - most prepotent, strongest of
  human needs when unsatisfied
• Safety
• Love, affection, and belongingness
• Esteem
• Self-Actualization

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Alderfers ERG Theory

• Existence refers to an individuals concern with
  basic material and physiological existence
  requirements.
• Relatedness refers to the need for developing and
  sustaining interpersonal relationships.
• Growth refers to an individuals intrinsic need
  to be creative and to make useful and productive
  contributions, including personal development
  with opportunities for personal growth.

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Herzberg Two Factor Theory of Motivation

• Extrinsic conditions, hygiene factors, or
  dissatisfiers
• salary, job security, working conditions, status
• Maintain to prevent dissatisfaction
• Intrinsic conditions, motivators, or satisfiers
• achievement, recognition, responsibility,
  advancement
• Use to create satisfaction

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Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory

• People have two sets of needs
• Avoidance of unpleasantness, and
• Personal growth.

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Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory
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Herzberg and Job Design

• Herzberg promoted the concept that if the work
  one does is significant, it will ultimately lead
  to satisfaction with the work itself.
• Employees will be motivated to do work that they
  perceive to be significant!

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Hackman and Oldmans Job Characteristic Model
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Comparison of Content Theories of Motivation
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Value of Motivation Theory to Managers

• Prevents dissatisfaction
• Increases productivity
• Promotes mutual respect
• Projects role model
• Emphasizes nurse as knowledge worker
• Raises self-esteem
• Promotes teamwork
• Stimulates self-actualization