Identification ofinsect pests and IPMmethodsfor control

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Identification of insect pests and
IPM methods for control

• Kris Braman
• University of Georgia

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Integrated Pest ManagementIPM

• Use of all available tactics to maintain pests at
  acceptable levels including
• Mechanical
• Biological
• Cultural
• Chemical
• Regulatory

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Components of Integrated Pest Management

• Diagnosis and detection pest (and beneficial!)
  identification
• Monitoring and assessment
• Understanding pest and beneficial biology and
  life cycles
• Develop a control strategy
• Implement a control strategy
• Evaluate the level of control

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Key plant/Key pest

• Common features of landscape
• Regularly prone to particular pests

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Crapemyrtle Pest Management Calendar
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Crape myrtle aphid
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Japanese beetle
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Table 1. Mean Japanese beetle damage or
number of crapemyrtle aphids after application of
products for insect control on crapemyrtle

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Table 2. Mean s.e. number of crapemyrtle
aphids on crapemyrtle after application of
insecticides
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Japanese beetle and aphid control trials on
crapemyrtle

• Greatest reduction in Japanese beetle damage was
  evident with bifenthrin and lambda cyhalothrin.
• Bifenthrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, imidacloprid
  and thiamethoxam were the most effective among
  twelve insecticides tested in a field trial for
  suppression of both naturally occurring aphids
  and beetles.

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Altica sp. flea beetles
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Host Plants

• Oenothera missouriensis and O. speciosa
• Gaura (whirling butterfly)
• Epilobium fleischeri
• Zauschneria garretti
• Linum flavum
• Alfalfa
• Ribes aureum
• 'Currant'
• Crabapple
• Grape
• Orange flowering fuschia
• Coyote willow
• Wild rose
• Sedums (ground cover type)
• Prunus besseyi
• Chickweed

• Oenothera speciosa (Showy primrose, Onagraceae)
• O. laciniata (Cutleaf evening primrose,
  Onagraceae)
• O. lamarckiana (Evening primrose, Onagraceae)
• O. missouriensis (Missouri primrose, Onagraceae)
• O. fruticosa (Sundrops, Onagraceae)
• Cuphea (Mexican heather, Lythraceae)
• Gaura lindheimeri (Whirling butterflies,
  Onagraceae)
• Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife,
  Lythraceae)

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Crapemyrtle resistance to Altica

• Acoma
• Apalachee
• Biloxi
• Lipan
• Natchez
• Osage
• Tonto
• Tuscarora
• Wichita
• Yuma

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Holly Pest Management Calendar
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Southern Red Mite Damage
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Twolined spittlebug

• 137 holly species and cultivars evaluated for
  resistance to adult feeding
• 63 taxa were undamaged by TLS
• Species generally resistant included I.
  vomitoria, I. cornuta, I. glabra, I.verticillata

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Twolined spittlebug

• 10 taxa were highly susceptible
• High susceptibility in hollies with I. cassine
  or I. opaca parentage

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Columbine leafminer and parasites
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Florida wax scale

• 231 holly selections evaluated
• Taxa rated as most resistant included I. crenata,
  I. buergeri, I. glabra, I. myrtifolia, I.
  verticillata, I. vomitoria within parental lines
• Heavy infestations on I. cornuta, I. cassine, I.
  opaca and others

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Azalea/Rhododendron Pest Management Calendar
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Common Insect and Mite Pests of Azaleas

• Azalea lace bug
• Azalea caterpillar
• Azalea bark scale
• Southern red mite
• Azalea leaf miner
• Cranberry rootworm
• others

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Azalea leafminer

• Yellow caterpillars ca. 1/2 inch long
• small larvae mine leaves
• large larvae roll tips of leaves
• two applications two weeks apart in April

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Azalea caterpillar

• Red to brown with white and yellow stripes when
  small
• full grown have a red head and prolegs with white
  stripes
• chemical control most effective on small
  caterpillars

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Southern red mite

• Leaves become mottled
• cool season Feb-April
• Insecticidal soap or horticultural oil

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Azalea lace bug

• Key pest of azaleas
• Four generations per year
• Optimize control with first generation
• Many natural enemies
• Resistant azaleas
• Aesthetic Injury Levels

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Azalea lace bug

• 17 species or cultivars of native azaleas
  evaluated
• High levels of resistance found in 3 azalea
  species
• Piedmont, Plumleaf and Pinxterbloom azalea

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Predaceous plant bugs
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Azalea lace bug egg parasite
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Azalea bark scale

• Plants may appear yellow and covered with black
  sooty mold
• insects on twigs appear cottony or waxy
• Treat crawlers in late April-May
• prune out infested plant parts

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Cranberry rootworm

• Small shiny black-green beetles
• Feed at night and hide in litter during day
• Remove litter and weeds from area
• Usually most common in dense shade

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Cranberry rootworm

• Piedmont azalea moderately resistant
• Pinxterbloom highly susceptible
• DVW highly resistant

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Symptoms of plant problems caused by insects

• Chewed or tattered foliage or blossoms
• Stippled (flecked), yellowed, bronzed or bleached
  foliage
• Distortion of plant parts
• Dieback of plant parts
• Insect or insect-related products

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Chewed or Tattered Foliage or Blossoms

• Larvae of moths or butterflies
• Larvae of or adult beetles
• Sawfly larvae
• Grasshoppers
• Snails and slugs

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Sawflies- Red-headed pine sawfly
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Orange Striped Oakworm
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Orange Striped Oakworm
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Oak Pest Management Calendar
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Stippled, Yellowed, Bronzed or Bleached Foliage

• Spider mites
• Leafhoppers
• Plant bugs
• Lace bugs
• Thrips
• Aphids
• Psyllids

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Spruce Spider Mite
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Juniper Pest Management Calendar
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Two spotted spider mite
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Sampling for Mites
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Distortion of Plant Parts

• Aphids
• Thrips
• Eriophyid (gall, blister, bud or rust) Mites
• Larvae of some Moths

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Maple Bladder Gall Mite
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Maple Bladder Gall Mite
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Dieback of Plant Parts

• Scale insects
• Moth or beetle larvae that bore
• Cynipid (gall) wasps

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Euonymus Scale
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Euonymus Scale
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Euonymus Scale
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SCALE WITH PARASITE EMERGENCE HOLES
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Dogwood Borer
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Dogwood Borer
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Dogwood Pest Management Calendar
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Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
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Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
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Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
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Insect or Insect-Related Products

• Honeydew or sooty mold from aphids, scale,
  mealybugs, leafhoppers, whiteflies
• Dark fecal specs-lace bugs
• Tents, webs, silken mats-tent caterpillars,
  webworms, leaf rollers
• Spittle-spittlebugs
• Cast skins-aphids, leafhoppers, lace bugs

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Insect or Insect-Related Products

• Pitch masses, pitch tubes, frass toothpicks-
  caterpillars and beetles that bore in wood
• Flocculence-adelgids, mealybugs, scales, aphids
• Slime-slugs and snails

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Azalea Lace Bug-fecal material covering eggs
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Flocculence- Cottony Maple Scale
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Wax Scale
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Tent caterpillar
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Tent caterpillar
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Tent caterpillar
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Fall Webworm
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Fall Webworm
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Why use pest-resistant plants?

• Attractive appearance
• Aesthetic value maintained with fewer pesticide
  inputs
• Economic and environmental savings
• and sense!

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Evaluations at UGA to identify resistance to key
pests

• Azalea lace bug
• Two spotted spider mite
• Whitefly and lantanta lace bug
• Two lined spittlebug
• Florida wax scale
• Oleander aphid
• Japanese beetle
• Altica flea beetle
• Columbine leafminer

• Deciduous azaleas
• Butterfly Bushes
• Lantana
• Hollies
• Hollies
• Asclepias cultivars
• Crapemyrtle
• Columbine

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Two spotted spider mite

• 37 Buddleia species and cultivars evaluated
• B. fallowiana Alba and B. davidii x B.
  fallowiana Cornwall Blue highly resistant to
  mites

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Whitefly and lantana lace bug

• 11 lantana cultivars evaluated for resistance to
  greenhouse and silverleaf whitefly and lantana
  lace bug
• Larger-leaved cultivars very susceptible and may
  serve as indicator plants

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Oleander aphid

• 24 Asclepias taxa evaluated
• Gradients in susceptibility suggest options in
  high density aphid areas

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Oleander aphid

• A. tuberosa and A. physocarpa maintained better
  appearance
• Numerous natural enemies colonize milkweed plants
  with aphids

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LADY BEETLE ADULT
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LADY BEETLE LARVA
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GREEN LACEWING
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GREEN LACEWING LARVA
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Green Lacewing Eggs
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APHID MUMMY
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APHID PARASITE
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Acknowledgments

• CANR project support is appreciated