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Rubella and Rubella Vaccine

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Title: Rubella and Rubella Vaccine


1
  • Rubella and Rubella Vaccine

Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable
Diseases National Center for Immunization and
Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention
Revised May 2009
2
Note to presenters Images of vaccine-preventable
diseases are available from the Immunization
Action Coalition website at http//www.vaccineinfo
rmation.org/photos/index.asp
3
Rubella
  • From Latin meaning "little red"
  • Discovered in 18th century - thought to be
    variant of measles
  • First described as distinct clinical entity in
    German literature
  • Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) described by
    Gregg in 1941

4
Rubella Virus
  • Togavirus
  • RNA virus
  • One antigenic type
  • Rapidly inactivated by chemical agents,
    ultraviolet light, low pH, and heat

5
Rubella Pathogenesis
  • Respiratory transmission of virus
  • Replication in nasopharynx and regional lymph
    nodes
  • Viremia 5-7 days after exposure with spread to
    tissues
  • Placenta and fetus infected during viremia

6
Rubella Clinical Features
  • Incubation period 14 days
  • (range 12-23 days)
  • Prodrome of low-grade fever
  • Maculopapular rash 14-17 days after exposure
  • Lymphadenopathy in second week

7
Rubella Complications
Arthralgia or arthritis adult
female children Thrombocytopenic
purpura Encephalitis Neuritis Orchitis
up to 70 rare 1/3,000 cases 1/6,000
cases rare rare
8
Epidemic Rubella United States, 1964-1965
  • 12.5 million rubella cases
  • 2,000 encephalitis cases
  • 11,250 abortions (surgical/spontaneous)
  • 2,100 neonatal deaths
  • 20,000 CRS cases
  • deaf - 11,600
  • blind - 3,580
  • mentally retarded - 1,800

9
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
  • Infection may affect all organs
  • May lead to fetal death or premature delivery
  • Severity of damage to fetus depends on
    gestational age
  • Up to 85 of infants affected if infected during
    first trimester

10
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
  • Deafness
  • Cataracts
  • Heart defects
  • Microcephaly
  • Mental retardation
  • Bone alterations
  • Liver and spleen damage

11
Rubella Laboratory Diagnosis
  • Isolation of rubella virus from clinical specimen
    (e.g., nasopharynx, urine)
  • Positive serologic test for rubella IgM antibody
  • Significant rise in rubella IgG by any standard
    serologic assay (e.g., enzyme immunoassay)

12
Rubella Epidemiology
  • Reservoir Human
  • Transmission Respiratory Subclinical
    cases may transmit
  • Temporal pattern Peak in late winter and spring
  • Communicability 7 days before to 5-7
    days after rash onset Infants with CRS
    may shed virus for a year or more

13
  • Rubella - United States, 1966-2007

Year
14
  • Rubella - United States, 1980-2007

Year
15
Rubella - United States, 1980-2003Age
Distribution of Reported Cases
15-39 yrs
5-14 yrs
lt5 yrs
gt40 yrs
Year
16
Rubella and CRS in the United States
  • Most reported rubella in the U.S. since the
    mid-1990s has occurred among foreign-born
    Hispanic adult
  • Majority of CRS since 1997 occurred in children
    of unvaccinated women born to Hispanic women,
    most born in Latin America

17
Rubella Case Definition
  • Acute onset of generalized maculopapular rash,
    and
  • Temperature of gt99F (37.2 C), if measured, and
  • Arthralgia or arthritis, lymphadenopathy, or
    conjunctivitis

18
Rubella Outbreak Control Guidelines
  • Laboratory diagnosis of rubella and CRS
  • Step-by-step guidelines on evaluation and
    management of outbreak
  • Rubella prevention and control among women of
    childbearing age
  • Rubella and CRS surveillance

MMWR 200150(RR-12)
19
Rubella Vaccine
Only vaccine currently licensed in U.S.
20
Rubella Vaccine
  • Composition Live virus (RA 27/3 strain)
  • Efficacy 95 (1 dose)
  • Duration ofImmunity Lifelong
  • Schedule At least 1 dose
  • Should be administered with measles and mumps as
    MMR or with measles, mumps and varicella as MMRV

21
Rubella Vaccine (MMR) Indications
  • All infants 12 months of age and older
  • Susceptible adolescents and adults without
    documented evidence of rubella immunity
  • Emphasis on nonpregnant women of childbearing
    age, particularly those born outside the U.S.

22
Rubella Immunity
  • Documentation of one dose of rubella-containing
    vaccine on or after the first birthday
  • Serologic evidence of immunity
  • Birth before 1957 (except women of childbearing
    age)

23
Rubella Immunity
  • Birth before 1957 is not acceptable evidence of
    rubella immunity for women who might become
    pregnant
  • Only serology or documented vaccination should be
    accepted

24
MMR Adverse Reactions
  • Fever 5-15
  • Rash 5
  • Joint symptoms 25
  • Thrombocytopenia lt1/30,000 doses
  • Parotitis rare
  • Deafness rare
  • Encephalopathy lt1/1,000,000 doses

reactions that may be attributable to the
rubella component
25
Rubella Vaccine Arthropathy
  • Acute arthralgia in about 25 of vaccinated,
    susceptible adult women
  • Acute arthritis-like signs and symptoms occurs in
    about 10 of recipients
  • Rare reports of chronic or persistent symptoms
  • Population-based studies have not confirmed an
    association with rubella vaccine

26
MMR VaccineContraindications and Precautions
  • Severe allergic reaction to vaccine component or
    following a prior dose
  • Pregnancy
  • Immunosuppression
  • Moderate or severe acute illness
  • Recent blood product

27
Vaccination of Women of Childbearing Age
  • Ask if pregnant or likely to become so in next 4
    weeks
  • Exclude those who say "yes"
  • For others
  • explain theoretical risks
  • vaccinate

28
Vaccination in Pregnancy Study 1971-1989
  • 321 women received rubella vaccine during
    pregnancy or near the estimated time of
    conception
  • 324 live births
  • No observed CRS
  • 95 confidence limits 0-1.2

29
Vaccine Storage and HandlingMMR Vaccine
  • Store 35o - 46oF (2o - 8oC) (may be stored in the
    freezer)
  • Store diluent at room temperature or refrigerate
  • Protect vaccine from light
  • Discard if not used within 8 hours reconstitution

30
Vaccine Storage and HandlingMMRV Vaccine
  • Must be stored at an average temperature of 5oF
    (-15oC ) or colder at all times
  • May be stored at refrigerator temperature for up
    to 72 hours but must then be discarded if not
    used (do not refreeze)
  • Must be administered within 30 minutes of
    reconstitution or must be discarded

31
CDC Vaccines and ImmunizationContact Information
  • Telephone 800.CDC.INFO
  • Email nipinfo_at_cdc.gov
  • Website www.cdc.gov/vaccines
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