Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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Chapter 4

• Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
  Cells

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Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• Prokaryotes
• DNA is not enclosed in a membrane
• Lack membrane-bound organelles
• Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• Reproduce by binary fission
• Eukaryotes
• DNA is surrounded by nuclear membrane
• Have many membrane-bound organelles
• Cell walls, when present, are usually simple
• Usually divide by mitosis

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Prokaryotic cell

• Shapes
• Coccus

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Prokaryotic cell

• Shapes
• Coccus
• Rod

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Prokaryotic cell

• Shapes
• Coccus
• Rod
• Spiral

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Prokaryotic cell

• Shapes
• Coccus
• Rod
• Spiral
• Pleomorphic

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Structures external to cell wall

• Glycocalyx
• Capsule
• Slime layer
• Flagella

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Structures external to cell wall

• Glycocalyx
• Capsule
• Slime layer
• Flagella
• Axial filaments

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Structures external to cell wall

• Glycocalyx
• Capsule
• Slime layer
• Flagella
• Axial filaments
• Fimbriae

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Structures external to cell wall

• Glycocalyx
• Capsule
• Slime layer
• Flagella
• Axial filaments
• Fimbriae
• Pili

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Cell wall

• Gram-positive cell wall
• Made of peptidoglycan in multiple layers
  (complex)
• Contains techoic acids

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Cell wall

• Gram-positive cell wall
• Made of peptidoglycan in multiple layers
  (complex)
• Contains techoic acids
• Gram-negative cell wall
• Made of one layer of peptidoglycan (simple)
• No techoic acid is present
• Outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides
• Lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide is endotoxin

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Cell walls can be removed for genetic transfer

• Protoplast
• Gram-positive cell without cell wall
• Spheroplast
• Gram-negative cell without cell wall

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Plasma membrane
• Selectively permeable fluid mosaic model

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Plasma membrane
• Selectively permeable fluid mosaic model
• Movement of materials across plasma membrane
• Passive processes
• Diffusion

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Plasma membrane
• Selectively permeable fluid mosaic model
• Movement of materials across plasma membrane
• Passive processes
• Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Plasma membrane
• Selectively permeable fluid mosaic model
• Movement of materials across plasma membrane
• Passive processes
• Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Osmotic pressure vs. turgor pressure
• Isotonic solution
• Hypertonic solution
• Hypotonic solution

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Plasma membrane
• Selectively permeable fluid mosaic model
• Movement of materials across plasma membrane
• Passive processes
• Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Active processes
• Active transport
• Group translocation

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Cytoplasm
• Nuclear area
• Chromosome
• Plasmid(s)
• Ribosomes

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Structures internal to cell wall

• Cytoplasm
• Nuclear area
• Chromosomes
• Plamid(s)
• Ribosomes
• Inclusions and granules
• Metachromatic phosphate
• Sulfur
• Magnetosomes
• Endospores

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Eukaryotic cell
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Eukaryotic cell

• Flagella and cilia

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Eukaryotic cell

• Flagella and cilia
• Cell wall and glycocalyx
• Plasma membrane
• Endocytosis
• Ectocytosis
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• Oraganelles

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Eukaryotic cell

• Organelles
• Nucleus
• Nuclear envelope
• Nucleoli
• Chromatin

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Eukaryotic cell

• Organelles
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth
• Rough

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Eukaryotic cell

• Organelles
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi complex

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Eukaryotic cell

• Organelles
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi complex
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria

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Eukaryotic cell

• Organelles
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi complex
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts

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Eukaryotic cell

• Organelles
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi complex
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Peroxisomes
• Centrosome
• Pericentriolar area
• Centriole

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