Qualitative Research corrected typo

1
Qualitative Research (corrected typo)

• Does not attempt to explain a relationship, only
  to describe it.
• Good for understanding context, or individual
  experiences
• e.g., naturalistic observation, case studies,
  field studies, surveys, correlational research

2
Quantitative Research (corrected typo)

• controlled research (in a lab) that
  systematically and objectively can determine
  cause and effect.
• AKA scientific method
• value free
• replication
• generalizable

3
Gender Bias in Early Research

• The Questions
• The Researchers
• The Subjects
• The White Male Standard

4
Ask yourself...

• Does the difference interact with
• Culture?
• Community?
• Race
• Ethnicity
• Class
• Religion
• Sexual Orientation

• Is the found difference
• Real?
• Big?
• Observable?
• Universal?
• Fixed?
• Meaningful?

5

• Essentialism emphasizes universal, biologically
  based origins for differences between men and
  women
• Social Constructionism emphasizes
  culture-specific, learned, origins for
  differences between men and women.

6
Sociocultural Evolutionary Perspectives

• Sociocultural
• Social Norms Rules and expectations for
  appropriate social behavior
• Culture The beliefs, customs, habits and
  languages shared by the people living in a
  particular time and place

• Evolutionary
• Natural Selection the assumption that animals
  that have characteristics that help them survive
  and reproduce will pass those characteristics on
  to their offspring
• Adaptations Characteristics that are well
  designed for survival and reproduction in a
  particular environment

7
Psychodynamic perspective

• Proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious
  motivations influence personality.
• Oedipus Complex
• Penis Envy
• Post-Freudian

8
Social Learning Phenomenological Perspectives

• Social Learning
• Modeling/Imitation Behaviors an observational
  learning process
• Latent Learning learning that occurs without
  performance

• Phenomenological
• Perceptions give organization and meaning to
  behavior. Affected by the goals of the person.
• If men define situations as real they are real
  in their consequences

9
A question to consider

• Why might a man pick up the tab on a date
  according to each psychological perspective?
• Sociocultural
• Evolutionary
• Social Learning
• Phenomenological
• Psychodynamic

10
Five Stages of Sexual Dimorphism

• 1) Genetic
• 2) Gonadal
• 3) Horomonal
• 4) Internal Genitalia
• 5) External Genitalia

11
Biological Mechanisms

• Mullerian System
• Directs development of female reproductive
  organs. THIS IS THE DEFAULT SYSTEM!

• Wolffian System
• Directs development of male reproductive organs
• THIS TURNS OFF THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM

12
Getting a Boy...

• Third month of fetal development
• Testes begin to secrete androgens
• Wolffian system comes on line and takes
  Mullerian off line
• Result? Male Reproductive Organs

13
Getting a Girl...

• Third month of fetal development
• Mullerian system is default so its already on
  line
• Lack of testosterone takes Wolffian system off
  line
• Result? Female Reproductive Organs

14
When things go differently...

• Turners Syndrome
• Klinefelters Syndrome
• Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
• There need not be a direct link between
  chromosomal status and gender

15
Basic Premises of Evolutionary Models

• Traits are selected to maximize survival or
  reproduction
• Traits are always selected FOR particular
  environments
• All human traits were selected in the Pleistocene
  era
• DIFFERENT traits evolve whenever different groups
  of people (e.g., males vs females) maximize
  survival or reproduction in different ways

16
Gender differences emphasized by Evolution Theory

• Anatomy
• size and strength
• childbearing
• Division of Labor
• men hunt, women gather
• men run society, women raise the kids

17
Evolutionary Perspective of Mate Selection

• IGA wants an older man who can offer her (and
  her offspring) external resources and physical
  protection
• UGA wants a young, healthy (fertile) women who
  can have his children