Air Quality Monitoring in Japan

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Air Quality Monitoring in Japan

• Legal Framework

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1.Legal Framework

• The Basic Environment Law, 19.Nov.1993
• Basic Law for Environmental Pollution,3.Aug.1967
• Environmental Quality Standards, Article 16
• Notification by MOE (Ministry of Environment)

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Air Quality Standard
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Air Quality Standard
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• Air Pollution Control Law, 10.Jun.1968
• Latest Amendment 1996
• Monitoring and Surveillance, Article 22
• The Governor of the Prefecture
• Shall Monitor and Survey
• The Level of Air Pollution
• Shall Report to the Minister of the Environment
• Shall Publish the Conditions of Air Pollution
• Notification to Prefecture Processing Standard

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2. Processing Standard

• Notification from MOE to the Governor of
  Prefectures and Designated Cities
• 21.May.2001
• Last Amendment, 9.Mar.2007
• Processing Standards on Monitoring and
  Surveillance of Air Quality

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Contents of The Standard

• I Objectives of Monitoring and Surveillance
• II NOx, SPM and so on
• 1. Monitoring Items
• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 3. Monitoring Frequency
• 4. Height of Sampling Inlet
• 5. Measurement Method
• 6. Handling and Evaluation of Measured Values
• 7. Maintenance and Management
• 8. Reporting

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Contents of The Standard

• III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants
• 1. Monitoring Items
• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 3. Monitoring Frequency
• 4. Height of Sampling Inlet
• 5. Measurement Method
• 6. Handling and Evaluation of Measured Values
• 7. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
• 8. Reporting

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 1. Monitoring Items
• SO2, CO, SPM, Photochemical Oxidants (O3),
  NO2
• NMHC (Non-methane Hydrocarbon)
• NO, NOx
• Meteorological Parameters
• Automated Continuous

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 2a. Number
• Two Viewpoints
• 2a-1 Whole Country Viewpoint
• 2a-2 Regional Viewpoint

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2a-1 Whole Country Viewpoint

• 2a-1-1. Population and Area Size
• a. 1 station per 75,000 persons
• b. 1 station per 25 km2 area size
• Area where persons can live
• Total area Forest, Lake, etc.
• c. Minimum of a. and b.

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Number of Stations in Japan
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2a-1 Whole Country Viewpoint

• 2a-1-2. Modification by Air Quality Level
• - Maximum Concentrations of
• Each Pollutant during Past 3 years
• - Comparisons with Standards
• a. High Not Satisfied or More Than 70
• --gtNot Modified
• b. Middle 30 to 70 --gt About 1/2
• c. Low Less Than 30 --gt About 1/3

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2a-1 Whole Country Viewpoint

• 2a-1-3. Modification by Pollutants
• a. SO2, SPM, Ox and NO2
• --gt Not Modified
• b. Controlled Area for NOx and SPM
• --gtNOx, SPM About 4/3
• c. No Warning Area (More Than 0.12ppm)
• --gtOx About 2/3

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Number of Stations in Japan
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2a-1 Whole Country Viewpoint

• 2a-1-3. Modification by Pollutants
• d. CO --gt About 1/2,
• because mainly from Automobile
• e. NMHC --gt About 1/2
• because indirect pollutants

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Number of Stations in Japan
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Station Number Trends
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2a-2 Regional Viewpoint

• 2a-2-1. Consideration on Natural Condition
• a. Topographical Condition
• Isolated Area, Valley etc.
• b. Meteorological Condition
• Weak Wind, Strong Solar Radiation etc.

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2a-2 Regional Viewpoint

• 2a-2-2. Consideration on Social Condition
• a. Pollutant Emission Source
• Factories, Automobiles Meteorology
• b. Residents Demands
• c. Verification of Achievement by
• Regulations and Plans
• d. Development Plan
• e. Utilization for Research and Study

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 2b. Places
• Two Categories
• 2b-1 General Air Pollution Stations
• 2b-2 Automobile Exhaust Gas Stations

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 2b-1 General Air Pollution Stations
• Except 2b-2
• Continuous over years
• Effect of Pollution Source
• Identification of High Concentration
• Evaluation of Control Measures
• 2b-2 Automobile Exhaust Gas Stations
• Intersection, Road-side etc.
• Effect of Automobile

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 2c. Reconsideration
• Changes of Population, Air Pollution Levels
  and so on
• Changes of Pollutant Source, Road, Traffic and
  so on
• --gtReconsider number and places

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 3. Measurement Frequency
• Continuous Monitoring during a Year
• --gt Automated Monitoring

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 4. Height of Sampling Inlet
• 4-1. Basic Concept
• Height of Human Livelihood, Respiration
• 4-2. Actual Height
• SO2, NO2, Ox, CO 1.5 10 m
• SPM 3 10m
• To Avoid Direct Effect of Road Dust Suspension

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 4. Height of Sampling Inlet
• 4-3. High-Rise Building
• Consideration on Sampling Height
• 4-4. Second-Best Solution
• Difficulties of Site Obtainment
• - Not Higher Than 30m or
• - Justification with Neighboring Other Stations
• by Parallel Measurement

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 5. Measurement Method
• Ambient Air Continuous Monitoring Manual,
  version 5, MOE, 29.Mar.2007

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 6. Handling and Evaluation of Measured Value
• 6-1. Exemption from Evaluation
• a. Exclusively Used Area for Industry, Harbor
  Area, On Roadway, Other Non-Residential Areas
  like Wasteland, Reclaimed Land etc.

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 6-2. Exemption from Evaluation
• b. Malfunction Data etc.
• c. Daily Average with less than 20 hourly data

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 6-2. Evaluation of Measured Values
• a. Short Term Evaluation
• Daily Average, Hourly Value
• b. Long Term Evaluation
• - SO2, CO, SPM Excluding 2 Values from the
  Highest Daily Average
• - NO2 98 Value of Daily Value

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II NOx, SPM and so on

• 7. Maintenance and Management
• Ambient Air Continuous Monitoring Manual,
  version 5, MOE, 29.Mar.2007
• 8. Reporting
• Results --gt MOE

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Air Monitoring Station
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Check the supporting equipment
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Data checking at site
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NOx analyzer

• NOx Analyzer
• Chart Recorder
• Power
• Calibrator (Zero/Dilutor)

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Replacing the consumables
Filter paper
PM10 Filter Roll
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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 1. Monitoring Items
• 22 Compounds of Priority List
• 19 Compounds Measured
• For 3 Compounds, Measurement Method Not
  Established

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 1. Monitoring Items
• 19 Compounds Measured
• (1) Acrylonitrile
• (2) Acetaldehyde
• (3) Vinyl Chloride Monomer
• (4) Chloroform
• (5) Ethylene oxide

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 1. Monitoring Items
• 19 Compounds Measured
• (6) 1,2-Dichloroethane
• (7) Dichloromethane
• (8) Hg and its Compounds
• (9) Tetrachloroethylene
• (10) Trichloroethylene

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 1. Monitoring Items
• 19 Compounds Measured
• (11) Ni Compounds
• (12) As and its Compounds
• (13) 1,3-Butadiene
• (14) Be and its Compounds
• (15) Benzene

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 1. Monitoring Items
• 19 Compounds Measured
• (16) Benzoapyrene
• (17) Formaldehyde
• (18) Mg and its Compounds
• (19) Cr(VI) and its Compounds

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 2a. Number
• Same as to the Method for NOx, SPM etc.
• But, Modification is different
• About 1/3
• Annual Average Covers More Wide Area

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Number of Stations in Japan
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Station Number Trends
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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 2. Number and Places of Stations
• 2b. Place
• Three Categories
• 2b-1 General Air Pollution
• 2b-2 Stationary Pollutant Source
• 2b-3 Automobile Exhaust Gas

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 2b-1 General Air Pollution
• Except 2b-2, 2b-3
• Over Years
• 2b-2 Stationary Pollutant Source
• Estimated High Concentration Point

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 2b-3 Automobile Exhaust Gas
• Intersection, Road-side etc.
• Effect of Automobile
• Acetaldehyde, 1,3-Butadiene, Benzene,
  Benzoapyrene, Formaldehyde etc.
• 2c. Reconsideration

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 2c. Reconsideration
• 2d. Utilization of Existing Stations
• Automated Monitoring Stations

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 3. Measurement Frequency
• Annual Average
• At Least Once a Month
• Continuous 24 Hours Sampling

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 4. Height of Sampling Inlet
• Gas 1.5 10 m
• Particles 3 10m
• High-Rise Building

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 5. Measurement Method
• Measurement Method Manual for Hazardous Toxic
  Pollutants, MOE, Last Amendment 26.Dec.2003

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 6. Handling and Evaluation of Measured Value
• 6-1. Exemption from Evaluation
• Same as to NOx, SPM and etc.
• 6-2. Annual Average
• Arithmetic Mean of Daily Values
• Less Than Detection Limit
• --gt 1/2 of D.L.

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 6. Handling and Evaluation of Measured Value
• 6-3. Handling of Abnormal Values
• - Check of Sampling, Sample Transportation,
  Pre-treatment, Instrumental Analysis etc.
• - Check of Sampling Conditions
• - Total Consideration--gtAbnormal Data

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III Hazardous Toxic Pollutants

• 7. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
• Measurement Method Manual for Hazardous Toxic
  Pollutants, MOE, Last Amendment 26.Dec.2003
• 8. Reporting
• Results --gt MOE

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Annual Average Trends 1
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Annual Average Trends 2