A Common Web Language

1
A Common Web Language

• Hiroshi Uchida
• ISeC
• (Institute of Semantic Computing)

2
Semantic Computing, CDL and UNL
core_ontology
CDLConcept Description Language
UNL
RA
UW
icl
met
CDL.nl
agt
think
Computer
Natural Language
Common Web Language
met
OWL RDF/XML
agt
person
think
3
UNLa language for computers

• Artificial language (Semantic Network with Hyper
  Node)
• A node represents a concept
• An arc represents a relation
• A node can be annotated by attributes
• Consists of
• Universal Words vocabulary
• Relations, Attributes syntax
• Knowledge Base semantics

4
Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people
begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about
to reach the heavens.
long ago
people
huge
tim agt agt
aoj
tower
build
begun
obj obj
plc
obj obj
seemed
reach
city
obj
mod
gol
Babylon
heaven
5
Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people
begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about
to reach the heavens.

• unl
• tim(begin(agtgtthing,objgtthing)._at_entry._at_past,long
  ago(iclgtago))
• mod(city(iclgtregion)._at_def,Babylon(iclgtcity))
• plc(begin(agtgtthing,objgtthing)._at_entry._at_past,city(i
  clgtregion)._at_def)
• agt(begin(agtgtthing,objgtthing)._at_entry._at_past,people
  (iclgtperson)._at_def)
• obj(begin(agtgtthing,objgtthing)._at_entry._at_past,build(
  agtgtthing,objgtthing)_at_past)
• agt(build(agtgtthing,objgtthing),people(iclgtperson).
  _at_def)
• obj(build(agtgtthing,objgtthing)),tower(iclgtbuilding
  ))
• aoj(huge(iclgtbig),tower(iclgtbuilding))
• aoj(seem(aojgtthing)._at_past,tower(iclgtbuilding))
• obj(seem(aojgtthing)._at_past,reach(iclgtcome)._at_begin._at_
  soon)
• obj(reach(iclgtcome)._at_begin._at_soon,tower(iclgtbuildin
  g))
• gol(reach(iclgtcome)._at_begin._at_soon,heaven(iclgtregion
  )._at_def._at_pl)
• /unl

6
History of UNL

• Started in 1996, as an initiative of the UNU/IAS
  in Japan
• RD
• UNU/IAS and other 19 research institutes
• Development on 18 languages
• Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Greek,
  German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese,
  Korean, Latvian, Mongol, Portuguese, Russian,
  Spanish, Thai, Swahili
• Transfer to the UNDL Foundation in 2001

7
Relation

• Constitutes syntax of the UNL
• Expresses objectivity together with UWs
• Expresses how concepts(UW) constitutes a sentence
  related each other
• 38 relations
• agt and aoj bas cag cao cnt cob con coo dur fmt
  frm ins man met mod nam obj or per plc plf plt
  pof pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq src tim tmf tmt
  to via

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Relation

• agt agent
• a thing in focus that initiates an action
• and conjunction
• a partner to have conjunctive relation
• aoj thing with attribute
• a thing that is in a state or has an attribute
• bas basis
• a thing used as the basis (standard) of
  comparison
• ben beneficiary
• an indirectly related beneficiary or victim of
  an event or state
• cag co-agent
• a thing not in focus that initiates an implicit
  event that is done in parallel
• cao co-thing with attribute
• a thing not in focus that is in a parallel state

9
Relation

• cnt content
• the content of a concept
• icl included/a kind of
• an upper concept or a more general concept
• Ins instrument
• a instrument to carry out an event
• Int intersection
• a partner to take an intersection
• Iof an instance of
• a class concept that an instance belongs to
• man manner
• a way to carry out an event or characteristics
  of a state
• met method
• means to carry out an event
• mod modification
• a thing that restricts a focused thing
• nam name
• a name of a thing

10
Relation

• obj affected thing
• a thing in focus that is directly effected by
  an event or state
• opl affected place
• a place in focus affected by an event
• or disjunction
• a partner to have disjunctive relation
• per proportion, rate of distribution
• a basis or unit of proportion, rate of
  distribution
• plc place
• the place where an event occurs, or a state is
  true, or a thing exists
• plf initial place
• the place where an event begins or a state
  becomes true
• plt final place
• the place where an event ends or a state
  becomes false
• pof part-of
• a concept of which a focused thing is a part

11
Relation

• pos possessor
• a possessor of a thing
• ptn partner
• an indispensable non-focused initiator of an
  action
• pur purpose or objective
• the purpose or objective of an agent of an
  event or the purpose of a thing which exists
• qua quantity
• quantity of a thing or unit
• rsn reason
• a reason why an event or a state happens
• scn scene
• a scene where an event occurs, or state is
  true, or a thing exists
• seq sequence
• a prior event or state of a focused event or
  state
• Src source/initial state
• the initial state of an object or thing
  initially associated with the object of an event

12
Relation

• tim Time
• the time an event occurs or a state is true
• tmf initial time
• the time an event starts or a state becomes
  true
• tmt final time
• the time an event ends or a state becomes false
• to destination
• a final state of a thing or a final thing
  (destination) associated with the focused thing
• via intermediate place or state
• an intermediate place or state of an event

13
Attributes

• Mainly describe subjectivity
• Attributes group
• Describing logic characters / properties of
  concepts
• Times with respect to the speaker
• Speakers view on aspects of event
• Speakers view of reference to concepts
• Speakers view of emphasis, focus and topic
• Speakers attitudes
• Speakers feelings and judgments

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Attribute

• Time with respect to speaker
• _at_past _at_present _at_future
• Speakers view of aspect
• _at_begin-soon _at_begin-just _at_progress
• _at_end-soon _at_end-just _at_complete
• _at_state _at_repeat
• Speakers view of reference
• _at_generic _at_def _at_indef _at_not _at_ordinal
• Speakers focus
• _at_emphasis _at_entry _at_qfocus _at_theme _at_title
  _at_topic
• Speakers attitude
• _at_affirmative _at_confirmation _at_exclamation
  _at_imperative _at_interrogative _at_invitation
  _at_politeness _at_respect _at_vocative

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Attribute

• Speakers viewpoint
• _at_ability, _at_ability-past, _at_admire, _at_although,
• _at_ask-back, _at_conclusion, _at_custom, _at_doubt,
• _at_expectation, _at_grant, _at_grant-not, _at_induce,
• _at_inevitability, _at_insistence, _at_intention, _at_may,
• _at_obligation, _at_obligation-not, _at_possibility,
• _at_probability, _at_regret, _at_request, _at_should,
• _at_unexpected-presumption,
• _at_unexpected-consequence, _at_will
• Convention
• _at_angle_bracket, _at_double_parenthesis,
• _at_double_quotation, _at_parenthesis, _at_pl,
• _at_single_quotation, _at_square_bracket

16
Attribute for Describing Logicality

• _at_transitive attached to an UW that has
  transitivity
• _at_symmetric attached to an UW that has
  symmetricity
• _at_identifiable attached to an UW that can identify
  the subject
• _at_disjointed attached to an UW or a group of UWs
  to show that all element concept do not hold
  common instance. All connected UWs do not share
  instances.

17
Attribute for Times Respect to Writer

• _at_past happened in the past
• _at_present happening at present
• _at_future will happen in future

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Attribute for Writers View on Aspect of Event

• _at_begin beginning of an event or a state
• _at_complete finishing/completion of a (whole) event
• _at_continue continuation of an event
• _at_custom customary or repetitious action
• _at_end end/termination of an event or a state
• _at_experience experience
• _at_progress an event is in progress
• _at_repeat repetition of an event
• _at_state final state or the existence of the
  object on which an action has been taken

19
Attribute for modifying Attribute on Aspect

• _at_just expresses an event or a state that has
  just begun or ended/completed
• _at_soon expresses an event or a state that is
  about to begin or end/completed
• _at_yet expresses an event or a state that has not
  yet started or ended/completed, together with
  _at_not

20
Attribute for Writers View of Reference on
Concept

• _at_generic generic concept
• _at_def already referred
• _at_indef non-specific class
• _at_not complement set
• _at_ordinal ordinal number

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Attribute for View of Emphasis, Focus, and Topic

• _at_contrast contrasted UW
• _at_emphasis emphasized UW
• _at_entry entry or main UW of a sentence or a
  scope
• _at_qfocus focused UW of a question
• _at_theme instantiates an object from a different
  class
• _at_title title
• _at_topic topic

22
Attribute for Writers Attitude

• _at_affirmative affirmation
• _at_confirmation confirmation
• _at_exclamation exclamation
• _at_humility in a humility manner
• _at_imperative imperative
• _at_interrogative interrogation
• _at_invitation inducement
• _at_polite polite way 
• _at_request request
• _at_respect respectful way
• _at_vocative vocative

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Attribute for Writers Felling and Judgment

• _at_ability ability, capability of doing something
• _at_get-benefit speakers feeling of receiving
  benefits through the fact or result of
  something (to be) done by somebody else
• _at_give-benefit speakers feeling of giving
  benefits by doing something for somebody else
• _at_conclusion logical conclusion due to a certain
  condition
• _at_consequence logical consequence
• _at_sufficient sufficient condition
• _at_consent consent feeling of the speaker about
  something
• _at_dissent dissent feeling of the speaker about
  something
• _at_grant to give/get consent/permission to do
  something
• _at_grant-not not to give consent to do something

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Attribute for Writers Felling and Judgment

• _at_although something follows against contrary
  to or beyond expectation
• _at_discontented discontented feeling of the speaker
  about something
• _at_expectation expectation of something
• _at_wish wishful feeling, to wish something is
  true or has happened
• _at_insistence strong determination to do something
• _at_intention intention about something or to do
  something
• _at_want desire to do something
• _at_will determination to do something
• _at_need necessity to do something
• _at_obligation obligation to do something according
  to (quasi-) law, contract, or
• _at_obligation-not obligation not to do something,
  forbid to do something according to (quasi-)
  law, contract or

25
Attribute for Writers Felling and Judgment

• _at_should to do something as a matter of course
• _at_unavoidable unavoidable feeling of the speaker
  about doing something
• _at_certain certainty that something is true or
  happens
• _at_inevitable logical inevitability that something
  is true or happens
• _at_may practical possibility that something is
  true or happens
• _at_possible logical possibility that something is
  true or happens
• _at_probable (practical) probability that something
  is true or happens
• _at_rare rare logical possibility that something
  is true or happens
• _at_unreal unreality that something is true or
  happens

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Attribute for Writers Felling and Judgment

• _at_admire admiring feeling of the speaker about
  something
• _at_blame blameful feeling of the speaker about
  something
• _at_contempt contemptuous feeling of the speaker
  about something
• _at_regret Regretful feeling of the speaker about
  something
• _at_surprised surprised feeling of the speaker
  about something
• _at_troublesome troublesome feeling of the speaker
  about the occurrence of something

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Attribute for Convention

• _at_passive passive form
• _at_pl more than one
• _at_angle_bracket lt gt are used
• _at_brace are used
• _at_double_parenthesis (( )) are used
• _at_double_quote are used
• _at_parenthesis ( ) are used
• _at_single_quote are used
• _at_square_bracket are used

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Universal Word

• ltUWgt ltheadwordgt ltconstraint listgt
• ltheadwordgt ltcharactergt
• ltconstraint listgt ( ltconstraintgt ,
  ltconstraintgt )
• ltconstraintgt ltrelation labelgt gt lt
  ltUWgt ltconstraint listgt ltrelation labelgt gt
  lt ltUWgt ltconstraint listgt gt lt
  ltUWgt ltconstraint listgt
• ltrelation labelgt agt and aoj obj
  icl ...

29
Types of UW

• Basic UW
• Restricted UW
• Extra UW (Imported UW)
• Temporary UW

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A kind of UW

• Basic UW
• Express set of every concept an English
  word(/phase/clause) can express
• ex) spring
• Restricted UW
• Restrict a concept by constraint
• ex) spring(iclgttool)
• spring(iclgtseason)
• spring(agtgtperson,objgtperson)

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Basic Category of UW

• UWs should belong to the following categories
• Nominal Concept
• Verbal Concept
• Adjective Concept
• Adverbial Concept

32
UW

• Nominal Concept
• swallow(iclgtthing)
• Verbal Concept
• change(agtgtthing) I changed my mind.
• change(objgtthing) The weather will
  change. 
• remember(agtgtthing) I cannot remember his
  name.
• remember(aojgtthing) Do you remember me?

33
UW

• Adjective Concept
• positive(aojgtthing) Are you positive about
  that?
• a positive fact
• only(modltthing) the only person
• Adverbial Concept
• weekly(iclgthow) This class is held
  weekly.
• only(iclgthow) The child only cried.

34
UW

• If the ambiguity of an UW still remains, upper
  category labels of UW system(hierarchy) or case
  relations will be used.
• Restrict using upper category
• swallow(iclgtbird) the bird
• One swallow does not make a summer
• swallow(iclgtaction) the action of swallowing
• at one swallow
• swallow(iclgtquantity) the quantity
• take a swallow of water

35
UW

• Restrict using case relations
• spring(agtgtthing,objgtwood) bending something
• spring(agtgtthing,objgtmine)) blasting something
• spring(agtgtthing,objgtperson, escaping (from)
  prison
• srcgtprison))
• spring(agtgtthing,golgtplace) jumping up
• to spring up
• spring(agtgtthing,golgtthing) jumping on
• to spring on
• spring(objgtliquid) gushing out
• to spring out

36
UNLKB

• Define the concept of UW
• Concepts are defined by describing the set of
  possible relations.
• Provide linguistic knowledge of Concepts
• Format
• relation(UW1, UW2)c c0, 0ltclt256

37
UW System(Ontrogy)

• All Uws arelinked with each other through
• icl (subclass)
• iof (element / instance)
• equ
• Property inheritance
• Replacement by super-class concept

38
Knowledge

• Linguistic knowledge
• semantic information of words for understanding
  sentences of natural languages
• semantic background of natural language
  sentences
• Definitions of concepts
• knowledge of concepts in connection with other
  concepts
• knowledge for reasoning
• Others
• every kind of knowledge such as encyclopedia
• knowledge for reasoning and providing
  information on concepts

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(3) Knowledge on concepts provided by natural
language sentences, for example, encyclopaedia,
etc.
UNL Expressions
(2) Definition of concepts
(1) Linguistic knowledge
UNLKB
Links between concepts and definition of the
concepts that can specify the concepts
Links between concepts and knowledge on the
concepts
40
unl ... /unl
UNL Documents of Definitions
unl ... /unl
UNLKB
unl ... /unl
equ
cnt
UNL Documents of Encyclopedia
unl ... /unl
unl ... /unl
unl ... /unl
unl ... /unl
unl ... /unl
unl ... /unl
41
UNL Knowledge System
uw
adjective concept
adverbial concept
nominal concept
verbal concept
how
thing
inference
artificial inteligence
UNL
UNL
clarify
realize
usage
computer system
unknown
computer
based
known
human inteligence
matter
scientifically
theory rule
matter
learning inference recognition judgement
UNL Encyclopedia
some
42
UNL Document Base
UNL Verifier
UNL KCIC
UNL Encyclopedia
Language Server
EnConverter
EnCo Rules
UNL-Language Dictionary
Concept Definitions (UNL)
UNL KB
UNL Library
DeCo Rules
DeConverter
UNLbased application
UW Dictionary
UNL Proxy
UW Gate
43
Annotated Natural Language Texts
Annotation Editor
Universal Parser
UNL Verifier
UNL Document
Natural Language Texts
EnConverter
Grammatical Rules
Word Dictionary
Co- occurrence Dictionary
UNL KB
UW Dictionary
Web Server HTMLXML
Natural Language Texts
UW Gate
UNL Document
DeConverter
44
(No Transcript)
45
CDL Model Syntax
Provide basic data structure common to all CDL.
Basic data structure Concept defined
in the CDL lt gt Concept which is imagined
by the symbol. Instance_Label Concept_Label
Attribute_Value_Pair
Concept Arch
Arch node1 node2 node3
46
CDL to CDL/RDF
Compound Concept
S s
ltcdlCompound rdfID "s" gt
C c
A a
B b
cdlbinrel
d
c
a
b
S s A a B b C c A
B C
ltcdlCompound rdfID "s" gt ltcdlbinrelgt
ltcdlsubject rdfabout "a"gt . ltcdlCompound
rdfID "s" gt ltcdlconceptgt a b c.
47
Natural Language Representation in CDL.nl
Ex.1 I received a report that a computer was
purchased yesterday.
A event B event lt11yesterdaygt lt12c
omputergt lt13purchasedgt 13 tim 11 13
obj 12 lt2reportgt lt3receivedgt lt4Igt
2 cnt B 3 obj 2 3 rec 4
48
CDL.Nl Representation in RDF
ltcdlCompound rdfabout event " rdfID A"
gt ltcdlbinrelgt ltuwreceived rdfID 3" gt
. ltuwreceived rdfID 3" gt ltcdlobjgt
ltuwreport rdfID 2" gt . ltuwreceived
rdfID 3" gt ltcdlrecgt ltuwI rdfID 4" gt
. ltcdlCompound rdfabout event " rdfID A"
gt ltcdlbinrelgt lt uwreport rdfID 2" gt
. ltuwreport rdfID 2" gt ltcdlcntgt lt
cdlCompound rdfID B" gt . lt cdlCompound
rdfabout event " rdfID B" gt ltcdlbinrelgt
ltuwpurchased rdfID 13" gt . ltuwpurchased
rdfID 13" gt ltcdltimgt ltuwyesterday rdfID
11" gt . ltuwpurchased rdfID 13" gt
ltcdlobjgt ltuwcomputer rdfID 12" gt .
49
Further Information on CDL, UNL
CDL www.instsec.org/tr UNL www.undl.org