XML Topic Maps ISO13250

1
XML???---??????Topic Maps (ISO/13250)

• ?????????
• ???
• ????91?8?22?

2
What is XML

• XML is a method for defining special markers or
  tags that can be inserted into text to indicate
  its logical structure and to make explicit the
  meaning or rhetorical role of its component parts

3
Why XML?

• HTML Containing information only about a pages
  appearance.
• ltH1gtThe future of the electronic scientific
  literaturelt/H1gt
• ltH3gtby John Smithlt/H3gt
• XML Document to be tagged with machine-readable
  metadata
• ltarticletitlegtThe future of the electronic
  scientific literaturelt/articletitlegt
• ltauthorgtltfirstnamegtJohnlt/firstnamegtltlastnamegtSmith
  lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt

4
HTML VS. XML

• Latin phrase "Quid pro quo" in HTML
• ltigtQuid pro quolt/igt
• US Battle Ship in HTML
• ltigtUSS Constitutionlt/igt

• Latin phrase "Quid pro quo" in SGML
• ltforeign lang"latin"gtQuid pro quolt/foreigngt
• US Battle Ship Title
• ltname type"ship"gtUSS Constitutionlt/namegt

5
XML Intelligence

• George Washington -- ????? ltname
  typepersongtGeorge Washingtonlt/namegt
• Washington, D.C.-- ??ltname typeplacegtWashington,
  D.C.lt/namegt
• Washington's Army -- ??????ltname
  typeorggtWashington's Armylt/namegt
• USS Washington -- ??????ltname typeshipgtUSS
  Washingtonlt/namegt

6
XML Structure for Journal Article
7
XML-Structured DocumentforJournal Article
8
What does that mean? (I)

• Every part of the document is not just
  displayable, but also definable, including tables
  and/or charts.
• For example, in a scientific article, XML tags
  can be used to distinguish the title of the
  article from the names of its authors or the
  cells in a table

9
What does that mean? (II)

• Analytical
• Structural

10
XML -- Analytical

• Tag (Marker) -- standardize -- metadata
• Data Interchange -- Dublin Core
• System Communication -- OpenUrl

11
XML -- Analytical -- Application

• Data Interchange
• ??????????(OAI??)
• MARC?XML?
• Machine Communication
• OpenUrl Resolver

12
XML -- Structural

• Logical Structure
• Logical Relationship

13
XML -- Structural -- Application

• XML in Hierarchical and Structural Context
• Metadata Within XML
• Knowledge Structure
• Knowledge Organization Tools

14
Three General Categories of Knowledge
Organization

• Term List
• Emphasizing lists of terms with definitions
• Classification and Categorization
• Emphasizing the creation of subject sets
• Relationship List
• Emphasizing the connections between terms and
  concepts

15
Term Lists

• Authority files
• Glossaries
• Dictionaries
• Gazetteers

16
Classification and Categorization

• Subject headings
• Classification schemes, taxonomies, and
  categorization schemes

17
Relationship Lists

• Thesauri
• Topic Maps
• Semantic network
• Ontologies

18
Principles of Knowledge Organization

• Group By
• Association

19
Key Issues in the Principle

• Terms -- Subjects -- Concepts
• Subject Relationship -- Concept ? Concept ?????

20
What is Concept(??)?

• ??
• ?????????,????????
• ??????????????, ??????????????
• ??
• ????? ????????????, ?????????????
• ????????????? ?, ??????, ???.
• ??-??????????????????
• ??????????????,?????
• ?????????????, ???.
• ???????????,?????
• ????????????????, ?, ?.

21
??????????(I)

• ????
• ?????????????????????????,????????????
• ????
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????,???????????????
• ??????????????,????????

22
??????????(II)

• ????
• ????????????,???????????????????????,???????????
• ????
• ??????????????????,?????????????
• ?????????????????????????

23
??????????(III)

• ????
• ????????????????????????????

24
????????????
25
?????-- ??-- ????????????K.O.?
26

• What is Topic Map?

27
Topic Map ???

• Definition (T. A. O.)
• A set of Topics, Associations, Occurrence, Facet,
  and Added Theme Elements that are used to Manage
  a set of Terms relevant to a particular Knowledge
  Domain.

28
Topic Maps

• a Topic Map is a collection of topics and
  (semantically meaningful) relationships between
  these topics
• Topic Maps link these topics with external
  references, such as resources behind URLs
• XTM serves as XML-based interchange format for
  topic maps

29
Topic Maps (contd)

• TMs are a superimposed semantic layer
• connection between topics and resources are URLs
• TMs capture real-world subjects/objects but also
  concepts, like TCP or love
• these are defined not absolute but relative to
  each other

30
Topic Maps (contd)

• can deal with incomplete knowledge
• I know that Prince Charles was married but I do
  not know the name of his wife.
• can be merged
• Maybe someone else knows that someone called
  Dianna was married to a British Prince
• merging maps by identifying common topics

31
Topic Maps (contd)

• are supposed to deal with many thousand topics
• are built to denote information, not knowledge
  (no semantic network)
• are not built for a specific application but will
  be reused in many different contexts

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
What is Topic Map

• Information connection is not just web
  hyperlinks, instead a structured semantic link
  network over the resources -- easy and selective
  navigation to the requested information.

41
Elements of Topic Map

• Topics
• Association
• Occurrence and Resources
• Scope

42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
Reification (Definition)

• creation and/or identification of a subject
• this topic stands for the subject (proxy)
• in this process, a topic will be created and
• characteristics (name, ...) will be assigned

45
Topics

• A topic can be any thing. Regardless whether it
  exists or not, whether it is of physical nature
  or just an idea or expression
• Web resources (Stock Quotes, Documents ....)
• real world (someone, people, countries, ....)
• A topic can be any concept.
• Abstract idea (Happiness, Effectiveness)
• Each topic has an internal identification (id),
  an external representation (baseName), can have
  any number of external references (occurrence)
  and any number of classification (instanceOf)
• Topics are only representants they represent
  (proxy) the subject the subject itself exists
  outside the topic map -- This is what a subject
  is reified by a topic means and why
  subjectIdentity element is proposed.

46
Topic (Example)
47
(No Transcript)
48
Topic Names

• every topic has an unique id within a map
• this id is for internal use only
• every topic can have (one or more) names
• this name is visible to end users

49
Topic Name -- BaseName

• The ltbaseNamegt element specifies a topic name
• A topic name is represented by one string the
  content of the ltbaseNameStringgt child of
  ltbaseNamegt
• The context within which the assignment of a name
  to a topic is valid may be expressed using a
  ltscopegt child element.
• A topic may have multiple base names in the same
  and/or multiple scopes.

50
Topic Name -- Variant

• The ltvariantgt element is an alternate form of a
  topic's base name appropriate for a processing
  context specified by the variant's ltparametersgt
  child element
• A variant name whose parameters include the
  display or sort published subjects, which is
  semantically equivalent to display names and sort
  names (respectively) as defined in ISO 13250.

51
Variants

• variants are names for a specific purpose and/or
  in a specific format
• name, as it should
• appear on a mobile display
• logo on blackwhite screen
• high resolution
• low resolution
• be used for sorting

52
Variants (contd)

• external representations
• organized as a tree
• parameters control which variant will be used

53
Topic Types

• any topic can have any number of types
• every type is itself a topic
• either within the same map
• lttopicRef xlinkhrefuniversity/gt
• then university must be a defined topic
• or defined via some other document
• ltsubjectIndicatorRef
• xlinkhrefhttp//www....../all/about/unis.
  html/gt

54
Topic Types (contd)

• topic types introduce a type hierarchy
• every topic map has its own type hierarchy
• there is NO global type system (ontology)

55
Topic -- instanceOf

• The ltinstanceOfgt element specifies the class to
  which its parent belongs, via a lttopicRefgt or
  ltsubjectIndicatorRefgt child element.
• The ltinstanceOfgt element is a syntactic shortcut
  for an association of a special type defined by
  the class-instance published subject.

56
Topic Types (Example)

• lttopic idbond-unigt
• ltinstanceOfgt
• lttopicRef xlinkhrefuniversity/gt
• lt/instanceOfgt
• ltbaseNamegt
• ltbaseNameStringgtBond Universitylt/baseNameSt
  ringgt
• lt/baseNamegt
• ltoccurrencegt
• ltresourceRef xlinkhrefhttp//www.bond.edu
  .au//gt
• lt/occurrencegt
• lt/topicgt

57
Topic -- SubjectIdentity

• The ltsubjectIdentitygt element specifies the
  subject that is reified by a topic, via
  ltresourceRefgt, ltsubjectIndicatorRefgt, and/or
  lttopicRefgt child elements.
• When a topic has an addressable subject, the
  subject can be addressed directly via a
  ltresourceRefgt element. In that case, it is the
  resource itself which is considered the subject
  of the topic, not what the resource means or
  indicates. There can be only one such resource
  per topic.
• Resources may also be subject indicators, as
  opposed to subjects in and of themselves.
  Resources are used to indicate subjects via
  ltsubjectIndicatorRefgt elements, of which there
  may be more than one per topic.
• A topic may also indicate that it has the same
  subject as another topic by addressing that topic
  via a lttopicRefgt element.

58
Associations

• topics can participate in relationships, called
  association, in which topics play roles as
  members
• Among the associations, which relationship two or
  more topics have to each other. It must be
  explicitly defined.
• topics play there
• Members the topics involved in the association
  are called members
• Role and the members play the role.
• typical associations
• is-located-in, lived-in, written-by
• is-facillity-provided-by, requires-to-have

59
Association (Example)
60
Associations (contd)

• all newly introduced topics has to be defined
• is-located-in, building, location
• also these topics can be linked with associations
• associations can have any number of members (1,
  2, 3, ...)

61
Topic Occurrences

• reference external resources
• documents via URLs
• http//www....../where/is/the/document.pdf
• defined by IANA/ICANN via URNs
• urninetbond.edu.autech_report01
• not defined, but globally unique
• ???????
• urnmy-social-security-numbers1234-5678-9
• a topic can have any number of resources

62
Topic Occurrences (contd)

• lttopic idbond-unigt
• ltbaseNamegt
• ltbaseNameStringgtBond Universitylt/baseNameSt
  ringgt
• lt/baseNamegt
• ltoccurrencegt
• ltresourceRef xlinkhrefhttp//www.bond.edu
  .au//gt
• lt/occurrencegt
• lt/topicgt

63
Scopes

• not all topic characteristics are valid in all
  contexts
• scopes limit a characteristic
• scopes are topics themselves

64
Scopes (contd)

• occurrences
• a web document could be written in german
• the document is not for a beginner, but an
  expert
• a visa to visit a country is not relevant for
  residents, only for non-residents
• names
• the document writes about trees in computer
  science but not about trees in agriculture

65
Scopes (contd)

• associations
• Santa Clause brings the presents is good enough
  for children, but not for adults

66
Scopes (contd)

• if no scope was defined, then the characteristic
  is valid in ALL scopes
• ? unconstrained scope

67
Scopes (Example)
68
mergeMap

• A ltmergeMapgt element references an external
  lttopicMapgt element through an xlinkhref
  attribute containing a URI.
• lt!ELEMENT mergeMap ( topicRef resourceRef
  subjectIndicatorRef ) gt
• lttopicRefgt

69
(No Transcript)
70
Topic Map-DTD
71
Topic Map-XML
72
Topic Map-XSL
73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
(No Transcript)
78
(No Transcript)
79
(No Transcript)
80
(No Transcript)
81
(No Transcript)
82
(No Transcript)
83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)
85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
(No Transcript)
88
(No Transcript)
89
(No Transcript)
90
(No Transcript)
91
(No Transcript)
92
(No Transcript)
93
(No Transcript)
94
(No Transcript)
95
(No Transcript)
96
(No Transcript)
97
Topic Maps Limitation

• XML-enabled Database and Search Engine
• Association is only Part of Relationship
  (Non-directional Relationship)

98
(No Transcript)
99
(No Transcript)
100
Database-supported Topic Maps
101
What is an ontology

• Philosophy Theory of existence
• An ontology is an explicit specification of
  objects and relations in the target world
  intended to share with the community and to use
  for building a model of the target world
• It is a taxonomy of concepts

102
Ontology

• To support the sharing and reuse of formally
  represented knowledge, it is useful to define the
  common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is
  represented. A specification of a
  representational vocabulary for a shared domain
  of discourse -- definitions of classes,
  relations, functions, and other objects -- is
  called an ontology.

103
Ontology

• Ontology is a Specification of a
  Conceptualization
• Ontology
• a formal explicit description of concepts and
  relationship in a domain of knowledge
• Class -- Concepts
• Slot (roles, properties) -- Features
  attributes of Concepts
• Facet (role restriction)
• Subject Description Analysis
• Relationship
• Vertical Horizon
• Hierarchical Structured
• Semantic and Conceptual Relationship

104
Ontology

• Classes describe concepts in the domain
• A class can have subclasses that represent
  concepts that are more specific than the
  superclass
• An ontology together with a set of individual
  instances of classes constitutes a knowledge base
• Ontology ends and the knowledge base begins

105
Components of an ontology

• Concepts
• Taxonomy of the concepts
• Relations among concepts
• Formal specification of the concepts and relations

106
Ontology has

• A common vocabulary
• An explicit representation of thing
  (conceptualization) usually left implicit behind
  a system
• An explicit representation of a shared
  understanding of the target world

107
Ontology Engineering

• Ontology Engineering Defining terms in the
  domain and relations among them
• Defining concepts in the domain (classes)
• Arranging the concepts in a hierarchy
  (subclass-superclass hierarchy)-- (taxonomy)
• Defining which attributes and properties (slots)
  classes can have and constraints on their values
• Defining individuals and filling in slot values

108
Ontology

• What is Ontology?
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????? ?? ?????
• ????????
• ???????????

109
ontology

• Concept Relation Instances
• subConceptOf relation domain
  instance
• domain
  relation
• 
  domain

110
concept

• Research Project
• Full Professor(AcademicStaff)
• PhDStudent
• ontology

111
Relation

• worksAtProject
• Supervises
• Supervisor
• ontology

112
Instances

• Rudi
• Concept FullProfessor
• Relation 1. Supervises York
• 2. Name Rudi Studer
• York
• Concept PhDStudent
• Relation 1. worksAtProject On-To-
• Knowledge
• 2. Name York Sure
• 3. Supervisor Rudi
• On-To-Knowledge
• Concept ResearchProject
• Relation 1.name On-To-Knowledge
  ontology

113
Rudi
supervises
worksAtProject
supervisor
York
On-To-Knowledge
worksAtProject
ontology
114
(No Transcript)
115
(No Transcript)
116
(No Transcript)
117
Gene Ontology

• Gene Ontology ???
• Life Science is Knowledge base instead of
  Axiom base
• Knowledge of the biological role of proteins in
  one organism can often be transferred to other
  organisms.
• ??????????, ???? Ontology??????
• ?? ??? Protein ? DNA ?, ??????????????

118
Gene Ontology

• Gene Ontology ??????
• Biological process ????
• Molecular function ????
• Cellular component ????

119
Gene Ontology
Cellular Component
??????
Biological Process
Molecular Function
120
(No Transcript)
121
(No Transcript)
122
(No Transcript)
123
(No Transcript)
124
(No Transcript)
125
(No Transcript)
126
Upgrading the Application of XML in Knowledge
Organization

• HTML Web Content Display
• XML
• Data Interchange
• Web Content Representation
• Elements for the Object Attributes
• Elements for the Object Attributes with Structure
• Elements for the Object Attributes with Structure
  and Semantic meaning

127
Some links

• Cycorp Cyc Knowledge Server for artificial
  intelligence-based Common Sense
  http//www.cyc.com/
• UMLS - Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) of
  the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
• What is an Ontology? http//www-ksl.stanford.edu
  /kst/what-is-an-ontology.html
• Ontology.org http//www.ontology.org/
• Ontology internet links (complet)
  http//saussure.irmkant.rm.cnr.it/onto/link.html
• GENE ONTOLOGY CONSORTIUM http//www.geneontology.
  org/
• Descriptive and Formal Ontology
  http//www.formalontology.it/
• Ontology projects http//www.kr.org/top/projects
  .html
• The InterMed Project http//camis.stanford.edu/p
  rojects/intermed-web/
• The Bio-ontologies Working Group
  http//smi-web.stanford.edu/projects/bio-ontology
  /
• Java Ontology Browser http//igd.rz-berlin.mpg.d
  e/www/oe/mbo.html
• The GO Browser http//www.informatics.jax.org/go
  /go_browser_help.shtml
• Synchronous editing of an ontology tools
  http//www.swi.psy.uva.nl/wondertools/html/wonder
  tools.html
• XOL - Ontology Exchange Language
  http//www.ai.sri.com/pkarp/xol/
• The Ontology Inference Layer OIL
  http//www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/
• Line's Ontology Resource http//www.cs.utk.edu/
  pouchard/onto/
• Formal ontology and conceptual analysis
  http//www.ladseb.pd.cnr.it/infor/ontology/Papers
  /Ontobiblio/TOC.htmla