Inflation and The Big Bang TBB

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Chapter 23

• Inflation and The Big Bang (TBB)

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Acceleration Problem
7 to 8 billion years
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Inflation precedes standard Big Bang
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Temperature to Time ATB Conversion
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Separation of Particles

• E ½ mava2
• ½ mbvb2
• If no other properties then a identical to b.
• ½ mcvc2 Vac Vbc
• At high temperatures
• ½ mava2 gtgt Vac and ½ mava2 gtgt Vbc
• Therefore, a appears to be identical to b.
• The interaction, V, with particle c
• Contributes to the mass of particles a and b.
• At low temperature it splits a from b.

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Dynamic Vacuum
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Time, Entropy
Temperature, Energy, Distance
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Higgs Fields and Forces
Higgs ???
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Problems

• Horizontal Problem
• Why microwave temperature is so even?
• Flatness Problem
• Why does the universe currently appear flat?
• Uniformity Problems
• Why does energy spread so uniformly throughout
  the universe?
• How deviations from uniformity (galaxies and
  large-scale structure) arise?
• Acceleration Problem
• Why is the universe expanding at an accelerating
  rate?

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Gravity General Relativity

• Speed of light is independent of observer
• Universe all observers move at constant
  acceleration to each other.
• Observer cannot distinguish between being subject
  to an external force or a gravitational field.
• Mass, energy and pressure differences are source
  of gravitational fields.
• Mass and energy always produce attractive
  gravity.
• Negative pressure differences can repulsive
  gravity.

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Inflation

• In 10-35 sec, universes size increased by a
  factor of 1030.

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Horizontal Problem
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Inflation Solves Horizontal Problem
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Inflation Solves non-H Problems
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Flatness Problem

• Special Relativity exists in a flat space-time.
• Big Bang in an extremely curved, warped,
  space-time.

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Uniformity Problem
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Sources of Gravity

• Source of gravitational field matter
  energy density 3 X pressure

attractive gravity
attractive or repulsive gravity
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Gravity and Energy

• What happens to the weight of a piece of gold
  when you heat it?
• It has more energy, therefore it weighs more.
• What happens to the weight of a spring when you
  compress it?
• It has more energy, therefore it weighs more.

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Gravity and Pressure Differences

• Earths gravitational pull is fairly constant
  whether you are on land, floating, just
  underneath the water or at great depth.
• As you go further underwater, the weight of the
  water produces a pressure pushing inwards on you,
  from all sides.
• The pressure throughout the water near you is a
  constant and does not act as a source of a new
  gravitational force.
• There is a difference of pressure between the
  water and your insides. This pressure difference
  is the source of an additional gravitational
  force.

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Negative Pressure Gas

• When piston is pulled out a the gas density is
  lowered.
• When the piston is released, the negative
  pressure of the gas pulls the piston back in to a
  lower energy state the gas compresses.

gas
piston
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Negative Pressure Super Cooling
Energy
Super cooled Liquid
Ordinary Liquid
Pressure

• Super cooled liquid exerts a negative pressure on
  ordinary liquid.

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Inflaton Inflation Higgs

• the universe underwent a fantastic burst of
  hyper-expansion during the first instants after
  the big bang. This explains
• why energy is spread so uniformly throughout the
  universe
• how tiny deviations from perfect uniformity can
  arise. These deviations eventually led to the
  formation of galaxies and large-scale structure
• why the geometry of the universe is so flat
• Why microwave temperature is so even, at 2.73K.
• It provides a specific, detailed prediction about
  the pattern of hot and cold patches on the sky
  it predicts how many patches there should be of
  each angular size, how much hotter or colder than
  the average temperature they should be, and so
  forth. The most important prediction is the
  angular scale of the hottest and coldest patches.
  
• Another Higgs field, the Inflaton, condensed.

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Higgs Condensation

• Higgs gets stuck on plateau.
• Matter and energy continue to fall to their
  energy ground states.
• The matter and energy exert a negative pressure
  (pull) on the Higgs.

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Propagating Inflaton Drops

• An outward spreading bubble moving with the speed
  of light, in which the Inflaton drops to zero
  energy (rolls down hill) value with the passing
  of the bubble wall.
• Inflatons collide with matter and radiation
  transferring energy to them.

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Quintessence
Higgs fields
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Timeline
1010yrs
2.7K
Today
109yrs
Galaxies Formed
101K
1st Stars
102K
108yrs
Acceleration
103K
107yrs
Atoms Formed
105K
105yrs
Nuclei Formed
1010K
100sec
1015K
10-12sec
End Electroweak Unification
End Grand Unification
1028K
10-35sec
Inflation
1029K
10-36sec
End Super Force
1032K
10-43sec
Creation