History of Computing

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History of Computing
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• Computer
• Any programmable electronic device that can
  store, retrieve, and process data.

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• Early Computing Devices
• Abacus first appeared between 2700 and 2300 BC.

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• Quipu Ropes - talking knots
• Date back to the Incan Empire(13th century)
• Consisted of strands of rope
• with knots representing
• values in base 10.

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• First mechanical calculators produced for sale in
  the 17th century.

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• Mechanical loom developed in the early 1800s
  that read patterns stored on hardwood plates,
  and then transferred the patterns to woven cloth.

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• In 1820, a prototype of the Difference Engine
  was developed.
• Powered by hand, this device retrieved
  information, processed the information in logical
  steps, and then displayed the results of the
  process.
• The actual machine was never developed.

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• Machine developed that aided in the compilation
  of the 1890 census. Tabulating Machine read
  data from punched paper cards, processed the
  data, and displayed results.

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• Differential analyzer build in 1825 to solve
  calculus problems. Accuracy was a problem.

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• Built in 1936 on the Iowa State Campus, the AB
  Computer calculated linear equations used in
  Physics.
• Machine was never manufactured for commercial
  purposes.

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• George Stieblitz creates the complex number
  machine in 1937.
• The real breakthrough is that Stieblitz was able
  to communicate with the machine, housed in New
  York via teletype from Massachusetts.
• Its the first application of a network

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• The Colossus Mark I was built in England to crack
  the Enigma code.
• This was considered the turning point of World
  War II.
• The existence of the Colossus was kept a state
  secret until 1970.

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• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
  Computer) developed beginning in 1943 at the
  University of Pennsylvania. Used to compute
  ballistic tables.
• It weighed in at 30 tons!
• A TI-83 calculator has more computing power

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• In 1944 the Harvard Mark I was developed for the
  US Navy to compute complex tables.
• Machine used paper tape to store instructions.
• In 1945 while the Harvard Mark I was being
  repaired, the term computer bug was coined.

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• In 1946, the inventors of the ENIAC complete a
  more powerful computer called EDVAC (Electronic
  Discrete Variable Automatic Computer).
• It stored information in binary format.

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• In 1947, Bell Labs completes work on the
  transistor. Transistors would replace vacuum
  tubes in the next generation of computers.
• Transistor is tiny electronic device to control
  the flow of electricity. It has two key
  abilities the first to amplify an electric
  signal, and the other is to switch on or off (1
  or 0), letting current trough or blocking it as
  necessary.

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• Remington-Rand delivers the Universal Automatic
  Computer (UNIVAC) to the US government in
  1951for the Census.
• One of the 46 UNIVACs produced was used to
  predict the 1952 Presidential election.

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• IBM produces the first successful commercial
  computer in 1952.

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• In 1958, the CDC 1604 was the first transistor
  powered computer.

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• In 1961, Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the
  integrated circuit.
• Within 5 years, computers will utilize ICs
  instead of transistors
• Computers go from building size to room size.

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• In 1965, engineers form MIT utilize a DEC PDP-8
  to develop an enhanced network to manage
  telephone lines.

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1969 It was a very good year

• Yours truly graduated from high school.
• Bell Labs develops UNIX.
• ARPANet is launched.
• A personal computer is proposed.
• A group of engineers leaves Fairchild
  Semiconductor to form Intel.
• TI introduces the first pocket calculator. It
  weighed 2.3 pounds!

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1971

• First e-mail sent by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. The
  symbol _at_ introduced as part of the address.

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1973 A very weird year

• Country embroiled in Watergate
• First local area networks go from research into
  commercial development.
• The mouse is introduced.
• Pong designed. Birth of the video game.
• Dr. Martin Cooper working at Motorola develops
  the following

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1975 1976

• First personal computer is sold as a kit.
• The Altair computer debuts with 256 megabytes of
  memory. A group including a college dropout
  named Bill Gates writes a BASIC compiler for the
  machine.
• Apple markets its first PC in kit form. It
  includes a monitor and a keyboard.
• Queen Elizabeth II sends the first royal e-mail.

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1979

• Bob Metcalfe leaves Xerox to form 3COM.
• Metcalfe was instrumental in the development of
  Ethernet.
• Ethernet is the basis for todays networks.
• The first Multi-User-Domain is created. A MUD
  allows users on a network to share gaming
  experiences.

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1982

• IBM introduces its first PC
• The movie Tron is released. It used
  computer-generated special effects.
• Time Magazine names the PC as its Man of the
  Year.

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1983

• Microsoft announces the release of Word and
  Windows.

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1984

• First Apple Macintosh was released.
• First PC to utilize a graphical user interface
• Commercial Shown During the 1984 Super Bowl

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1988

• First worm infected the ARPANET.
• Robert Morris, the creator of the worm was
  sentenced to three years probation, fined 10,500
  and as made to do 400 hours of community service

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1990

• The World Wide Web is born.
• Development of hypertext markup language,
  universal resource locators, and hypertext
  transfer protocol.

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1993

• First web browser called Mosiac was released