CHAPTER 8B REVIEW

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CHAPTER 8B REVIEW
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ESSAY 1

• MITOSIS
• a. 2n to 2n
• (diploid to diploid)
• b. forms cells identical to parent cell

• MEIOSIS
• a. 2n to n
• (diploid to haploid)
• b. forms cells different from parent cell

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ESSAY 1 (cont.)

• MITOSIS
• c. 1 divison
• d. forms 2 daughter cells
• e. makes somatic cells

• MEIOSIS
• c. 2 divisions
• d. forms 4 daughter cells
• e. makes sex cells

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ESSAY 2

• HOW IS A KARYOTYPE MADE?
• A. Blood is separated with a centrifuge (fluid
  plasma on top and cells on bottom)
• B. A hypotonic solution is added to break the
  cell membrane of the RBC

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• C. White blood cells are used
• D. Cells stopped in metaphase with colchicine
• E. Arranged by size, shape, bars matching

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ESSAY 3

• Each of the disorders is a 5 point essay
• DOWN SYNDROME-
• 1. round face
• 2. small teeth
• 3. flat bridge on nose
• 4. mentally challenged
• 5. susceptible to respiratory problems,
  Alzheimers
• Trisomy 21
• Short stature

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ESSAY 3

• KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME (do 5)
• A. small testes
• B. infertile (cannot bear children)
• C. breast development
• D. rounded hips
• E. XXY (you may only use one of the chromosome
  letters)
• F. poor beard growth

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ESSAY 3

• TURNER SYNDROME
• A. small ovaries
• B. infertile (cannot bear children)
• C. web of skin between head and shoulders
• D. poor breast development
• E. XO
• F. short stature

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1. Somatic or Sex Cell?

• Skin
• Somatic
• Sperm
• Sex
• Blood
• Somatic
• Egg
• sex

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2. Difference between

• Sex chromosomes and autosomes?
• ANSWER Sex chromosomes are X and Y (usually 23)
• Autosomes are rest of chromosomes, in human
  karyotype 1-22

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3. What is the difference

• Between diploid and haploid (and symbols)?
• ANSWERDiploid is 2n with 2 sets of chromosomes
  in a cell
• Haploid is n with one set of chromosmes in a cell

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• What are homologous chromosomes?
• ANSWER two sister chromatids from the father and
  two sister
• chromatids from the
• mother with the same
• inherited characteristics

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• What is the diploid and the haploid number for
  humans?
• ANSWER diploid 2n 46
• haploid n 23

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6 Karyotypes Which is it?

• Klinefelters
• Turners
• Normal Male
• Normal Female
• Normal Female
• Due to XX

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Which does not belong?

• Skin cell
• Diploid
• Gamete
• Somatic cell
• ANSWER gamete

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Which does not belong?

• 2N
• Haploid
• Gamete
• Sperm
• Egg
• ANSWER 2N

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6. Which is not a male?

• XXY
• XY
• XO
• XXXY
• Which is the normal male?
• XO is not a male and XY is the normal male

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7. Which phase lasts the longest?

• Prophase I
• Metaphase I
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Prophase I (Think!! a lot goes on here)

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Meiosis or Mitosis?

• Makes cells that are haploid?
• Meiosis
• Makes cells that are diploid?
• Mitosis
• Makes sex cells
• meiosis

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What is the difference between

• A gamete and a zygote?
• A gamete is a sex cell (like egg and sperm) and a
  zygote if a fertilized egg (the joining of egg
  and sperm)

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8. And 10.How are they related?

• Tetrad and synapsis
• Tetrad are 4 homologous chromosomes and synapsis
  is the joining of these 4 to form a tetrad

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8. In what phase

• Does synapsis (joining of tetrads) form?
• Prophase I
• Prophase II
• Metaphase I
• Metaphase II
• ANSWER Prophase 1

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9. Crossover

• When does it occur?
• During prophase I
• Between which two chromosomes does it occur?
• Inner two of a tetrad
• What is the site where it occurs?
• chiasma

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11. What is a chiasma?
A
B
C
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11. CHIASMA ANSWER
Point where crossing over occurs between two
inner chromosomes
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12.Hair color

• Is a gene on a chromosome. The variations of it,
  such as brown, red, or black would be known as
  _________.
• Alleles are the choices of a gene

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13. 23. How many possible combinations?

• What is the formula?
• 2n
• What does n stand for?
• Haploid number
• How many combos if n 2?
• 4

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13. (cont.) How many possible combinations?

• How many combos if n 3?
• 8 (2 x 2 x 2)
• How many combos if n 23?
• About 8 million

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14. Karyotypes Which is it?

• Klinefelters
• Turners
• Normal Male
• Normal Female
• ANSWER
  Turners

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14. Karyotypes Which is it?

• Klinefelters
• Turners
• Normal Male
• Normal Female
• ANSWER
  Normal Male

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14. Karyotypes Which is it?

• Klinefelters
• Turners
• Normal Male
• Normal Female
• ANSWER
  Klinefelters

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Name the disorder

• XO
• Turners syndrome
• XXXY
• Klinefelters syndrome
• Trisomy 21
• Down Syndrome

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15.What type of mutation?

• Duplication
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Translocation
• Inversion
• Duplication

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15. What type of mutation?

• Insertion
• Deletion
• Translocation
• Inversion
• Deletion

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15. What type of mutation?

• Insertion
• Deletion
• Translocation
• Inversion
• Inversion

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15. What type of mutation?

• Insertion
• Deletion
• Translocation
• Inversion
• Translocation

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Just Checking What is this showing?

• Crossing over
• It occurs during what phase?
• Prophase I

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16. What is CML?

• A cancer caused by the translocation of
  chromosome _________ and ________.
• 9 and 22

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In case you wonderedCML

• Also called The Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph1)
• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

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17. If the testicle cell has

• 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does the
  sperm have?100 50 25 10
• ANSWER 25

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18. What are the chances?

• That a female with Down Syndrome will have a
  child with Down Syndrome?100 75
  50 25 0
• ANSWER 50

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Give the missing info

• If the Diploid Number is
• 46
• 18
• 72

• Then the Hapoid Number is
• 23
• 9
• 36

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19. Which part of Meiosis

• Is like mitosis (except it has two cells)?
• Meiosis I
• Meiosis II
• ANSWER Meiosis II

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21. Who determines

• The sex of the offspring? Father or mother
• FATHER
• WHY?
• If he donates an X child is girl (XX)
• If he donates a Y child is a boy (XY)
• Mother only can donate an X

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22. Define

• Karyotype
• A. diagram of meiosis
• B. An orderly display of magnified images of the
  individual chromosomes
• C. chromosomes as they appear in Prophase I
• ANSWER B

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23. Define

• Nondisjunction
• A. switching of parts of two chromosomes
• B. inversion of two parts of a chromosome
• C. members of chromosome pairs fail to separate
• D. You Diss Yo Homey
• ANSWER C

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What are the two gametes of humans?

• A. egg and sperm
• B. X and Y
• C. ovaries and testes
• D. Klinefelters and Turners
• ANSWER A

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In which phase of Meiosis?

• Do the tetrads form?
• Prophase I
• Are 4 haploid cells formed?
• Telophase II

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Which phase of Meiosis?

• Do you know?
• How many cells?
• Is it Meiosis I or II?
• PROPHASE II

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Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the centrioles?
• Where are the tetrads?
• Metaphase I

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Which phase of meiosis?

• How many cells?Haploid or diploid?
• Telophase II

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Which phase of meiosis?

• How many cells?Where are the chromatids?
• Metaphase II

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Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the chromatids?
• Meiosis I or II?
• Anaphase I

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Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the chromosomes
  going?How many
  cells?
• Anaphase II

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Which phase of meiosis?

• How many cells?
• Nuclear Membrane?
• Where are the centrioles?
• Prophase II

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How many cells form?

• At the end of meiosis?
• 4 haploid
• At the end of mitosis?
• 2 diploid

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Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Has 1 division
• Mitosis
• Has 2 divisions
• Meiosis

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Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Makes identical cells?
• Mitosis
• Makes similar, but not identical cells?
• Meiosis

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Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Which makes sex cells?
• Meiosis
• Which makes somatic cells?
• Mitosis

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Match the disorder

• Round face, small teeth, flattened nose, sluggish
  muscles, Trisomy 21
• Sterile, breast enlargement, small testicles, XXY
• Short, sterile, underdeveloped breasts, XO

• A. Turners syndrome
• B. Klinefelters syndrome
• C. Down Syndrome

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Making a karyotype?

• Stop cells in what phase?
• Metaphase
• With what chemical?
• Colchicine
• Use what type of cells?
• White Blood Cells