Certificate Systems, Public Key Infrastructures and E-mail Security - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Certificate Systems, Public Key Infrastructures and E-mail Security

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Title: Certificate Systems, Public Key Infrastructures and E-mail Security


1
Certificate Systems, Public Key
Infrastructures and E-mail Security
2
Encryption using Public Key Cryptography
3
Digital Signature using Public Key Cryptography
4
Public Key Distribution
  • Finding out correct public key of an entity
  • Possible attacks
  • name spoofing a person can identify himself
    using a bogus name
  • denial of service the legitimate user cannot
    decrypt messages sent to him

5
Public Key Distribution
  • Face to face public key exchange
  • most primitive, but secure method
  • not convenient
  • Public announcement
  • via newsgroups, web pages, etc.
  • subject to forgeries
  • hard to determine the liar

6
Public Key Distribution
  • Diffie - Hellman (1976) proposed the public
    file concept
  • public-key directory
  • commonly accessible
  • should be online always
  • no unauthorized modification
  • secure and authenticated communication between
    directory and user is a must

7
Public Key Distribution
  • Popek - Kline (1979) proposed trusted Public Key
    Authorities
  • Public key authorities know public keys of the
    entities and distribute them on-demand basis
  • on-line protocol (disadvantage)

8
Public Key Distribution
9
Certificates
  • Kohnfelder (1978) proposed certificates as yet
    another public-key distribution method
  • Binding between the public-key and its owner
  • Issued (digitally signed) by the Certificate
    Authority (CA)
  • Off-line process

10
Certificates
  • Certificates are verified by the verifiers to
    find out correct public key of the target entity
  • In order to verify a certificate, the verifier
  • must know the public key of the CA
  • must trust the CA
  • Certificate verification is the verification of
    the signature on certificate

11
Certificates
CA
Certified Entity
Albert Levi
Albert Levi
Albert Levi
Verifier
12
Certificates
13
Issues Related Certificates
  • CA certification policies (Certificate Practice
    Statement)
  • how reliable is the CA?
  • certification policies describe the methodology
    of certificate issuance
  • ID-control practices
  • loose control only email address
  • tight control apply in person and submit picture
    IDs and/or hard documentation

14
Issues Related Certificates
  • TRUST
  • verifiers must trust CAs
  • CAs need not trust the certified entities
  • certified entity need not trust its CA, unless it
    is not the verifier
  • What is trust in certification systems?
  • Answer to the question How correct is the
    certificate information?
  • related to certification policies

15
Issues Related Certificates
  • Certificate types
  • ID certificates (for authentication)
  • discussed here
  • authorization certificates
  • no identity
  • binding between public key and authorization info
  • Certificate storage and distribution
  • along with a signed message
  • distributed directories
  • centralized databases

16
Issues Related Certificates
  • Certificate Revocation
  • certificates have lifetimes, but they may be
    revoked before the expiration time
  • Reasons
  • certificate holder key compromise/lost
  • CA key compromise
  • end of contract (e.g. certificates for employees)
  • Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) hold the list
    of certificates that are not expired but revoked

17
Real World Analogies
  • Is a certificate an electronic identity?
  • Concerns
  • a certificate is a binding between an identity
    and a key, not a binding between an identity and
    a real person
  • one must submit its certificate to identify
    itself, but submission is not sufficient, the key
    must be used in a protocol
  • anyone can submit someone elses certificate

18
Real World Analogies
  • Result Certificates are not picture IDs
  • So, what is the real world analogy for
    certificates?
  • Endorsed document/card that serves as a binding
    between the identity and signature
  • for example, credit-cards

19
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
  • PKI is a complete system and defined mechanisms
    for certificates
  • certificate issuance
  • certificate revocation
  • certificate storage
  • certificate distribution

20
PKI
  • Business Practice Issue certificates and make
    money
  • several CAs
  • Several CAs are also necessary due to political,
    geographical and trust reasons
  • 3 interconnection models
  • hierarchical
  • cross certificates
  • hybrid

21
Hierarchical PKI Example
22
Cross Certificate Based PKI Example
23
Hybrid PKI example
24
Certificate Paths
25
Certificate Paths
  • Verifier must know public key of the first CA
  • Other public keys are found out one by one
  • All CAs on the path must be trusted by the
    verifier

26
Certificate Paths with Reverse Certificates
27
Organization-wide PKI
  • Local PKI for organizations
  • may have global connections, but the registration
    facilities remain local
  • easy to operate
  • less managerial difficulties

28
Organization-wide PKI
Certificate Processor/Authority
Certificate Distribution
Registration Authority
29
Hosted vs. Standalone PKI
  • Hosted PKI
  • PKI vendor acts as CA
  • PKI owner is the RA
  • Standalone PKI
  • PKI owner is both RA and CA

30
Hosted vs. Standalone PKI
31
Hosted vs. Standalone PKI
32
X.509
  • ITU standard
  • ISO 9495-2 is the equivalent ISO standard
  • Defines certificate structure, not PKI
  • Also defines authentication protocols
  • Identity certificates
  • Supports both hierarchical model and cross
    certificates
  • End users cannot be CAs

33
X.509 Certificate Format
34
X.509v3 Extensions
  • Alternative names
  • Policy Identifiers
  • Trust issue
  • Restrictions based one
  • path length
  • policy identifiers
  • names
  • No blind trust to CAs

35
Some X.509 based PKIs
  • Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
  • hierarchical, no cross certificates
  • first but discontinued
  • Secure Electronic Transaction
  • PKI for electronic payment
  • secure but not widely deployed
  • PKIX
  • general purpose X.509 based PKI

36
DNSSEC
  • Security extension to DNS
  • Not X.509 based, but hierarchical (uses existing
    DNS topology)
  • Distributed
  • Provides
  • authentication of domain information
  • storage and distribution of certificates
  • Good and practical system

37
SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
  • Security layer over TCP/IP
  • mostly for HTTP connections
  • encrypted and authenticated sessions between web
    servers and web browsers (clients)
  • Not a perfect solution, but a convenient solution

38
SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
  • Certificate based systems
  • web servers must have certificate
  • client certificate is optional
  • CA certificates are embedded in browsers
  • You trust them (by default), because browser
    company says so !
  • The worst, but the most practical !!!

39
Using SSL for HTTP Connections
  • By using SSL we can
  • make sure about the servers name (assuming the
    CA of the server is trusted)
  • authentication
  • make sure that nobody can see the traffic between
    client and server
  • confidentiality

40
Using SSL for HTTP Connections
  • By using SSL we can NOT
  • provide perfect privacy
  • server sees all information that client provides
  • important in e-payment merchant sees the the
    card number and name
  • provide non-repudiation
  • both parties knows the session key
  • in e-payment charge-back cost for merchants

41
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
  • Effort of Phil Zimmermann
  • Strong cryptography
  • free of government control
  • Has not started as a standardization effort
  • Controversial international version
  • Most widely used security software
  • Unique certificate and PKI

42
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
  • Free personal use
  • Source code available
  • very important for paranoids
  • Multi-platform software
  • Basically file encryption/signing software
  • Now it has plug-ins for some E-mail client
    programs

43
PGP Cryptographic Functions
H Hash Function KR Private Key EP Public key
Encryption DP Public key Decryption Z
Compression using Zip KU Public Key
44
PGP Cryptographic Functions
H Hash Function KR Private Key Ks Session
Key (Conventional key) EP Public key
Encryption DP Public key Decryption EC Private
key Encryption DC Private-key decryption Z
Compression using Zip KU Public Key
45
PGP Cryptographic Functions
H Hash Function KR Private Key Ks Session
Key (Conventional key) EP Public key
Encryption DP Public key Decryption EC Private
key Encryption DC Private-key decryption Z
Compression using Zip KU Public Key
46
Encoding in PGP
  • Binary data must be encoded for e-mail
    compatibility
  • Radix-64 conversion
  • binary data is grouped 6-bit by 6-bit
  • each 6-bit group is converted to a printable
    ASCII character (table look-up)
  • inflates the data 33
  • Radix-64 applied to after encryption/signing

47
General PGP Message Format
48
Key Management in PGP
  • Public keys are not attached to messages
  • Instead Public key identifiers are put in
    messages
  • Recipient should know/find out senders
    public-key
  • personal exchange
  • PGP public key servers
  • do not trust the authenticity of the keys there

49
Key Management in PGP
  • 2 local Key Rings
  • private key ring
  • to keep your private keys
  • public key ring
  • to keep yours and other peoples public keys

50
Private Key Ring
  • Private-key Ring is a table for the private keys
  • Private keys are stored in encrypted form
  • Encryption key is derived from passphrase
  • The keys in private-key ring are ultimately
    trusted
  • Question How can we determine whether or not
    correct passphrase is entered?

51
Public-key Ring
  • Table for locally known public keys
  • Also contains trust information
  • PGP user specifies his/her trusted CAs
  • two levels of trusts to CAs
  • being in public-key ring does not mean its
    legitimacy
  • a public-key signed by a key in private-key ring
    is legit
  • otherwise CAs signatures are checked
  • complicated scheme

52
Public-key Ring
53
PKI of PGP
  • Global public-key ring
  • PKI from scratch
  • Public-keys are certificates are posted in
    public-key servers
  • Thousands of users
  • No boss, no governing body

54
PKI of PGP
  • Everybody is end user, everybody is CA
  • chaotic

55
S/MIME
  • A standard way for email encryption and signing
  • IETF standard
  • Industry support
  • commercial reasons
  • Not a standalone software, a system that is to be
    supported by email clients

56
History of E-mail
  • RFC 822
  • only ASCII messages
  • MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
  • content type
  • Almost any of information can appear in an email
    message
  • S/MIME Secure MIME
  • new content types, like signature, encrypted data

57
S/MIME
  • General functionality is similar to PGP
  • digital signature
  • the hash of message is signed
  • encrypted data (enveloped data)
  • a conventional session key is used to encrypt the
    data
  • that key is encrypted by the recipients public
    key
  • The difference between S/MIME and PGP is
    certificate management

58
Certificate Management in S/MIME
  • CA-centered system like SSL
  • An ordinary user is not aware of the CAs that
    he/she trusts
  • CA certificates come with the client software
  • Certificates are sent along with the signed
    messages in S/MIME (unlike PGP)

59
Certificate Management in S/MIME
  • One should get a certificate from a CA in order
    to send signed messages
  • Verisign Certificates
  • Class 1
  • Class 2
  • Class 3

Increased Security
Harder to issue
60
Whats Wrong?
  • Loose control for Class 1 certificates for
    commercial reasons
  • visibility
  • market share
  • The system becomes less secure for the name of
    security

61
What should be done?
  • Class 1 certificates must be discontinued
  • All certificate must be issued with a personal
    presence requirement or by the approval of
    trusted registration authorities

62
Discussion on Personal Certificates (SSL)
  • Certificates ruin your privacy
  • Do you really need a certificate?
  • Do you want to get caught when you are at a
    specific website?
  • Do you want spammers to get your email address?
  • Do you want companies to learn your favorites?

63
Discussion on Personal Certificates (S/MIME)
  • There is no wide use of certificates
  • Only few email clients are supporting S/MIME
  • Interoperability problems among the email client
    programs
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