The Ultimate Structure of Matter

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The Ultimate Structure of Matter

• Chapter 13

Great Idea All matter is made of quarks and
leptons, which are the most fundamental building
blocks of the universe that we know.
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Chapter Outline

• Of What is the Universe Made?
• Discovering Elementary Particles
• The Elementary Particle Zoo
• The Four Fundamental Forces

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Of What is the Universe Made?
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The Library

• Superficial description
• Fundamental building blocks
• Books
• Rules for organization
• Basic
• Words
• grammer
• Ultimate description
• Letters
• Spelling

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Reductionism

• Reductionism
• Ultimate building blocks
• How simplicity gives rise to complexity
• True nature
• Thought, experiment, observation

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The Building Blocks of Matter

• Fundamental building blocks
• Changed over time
• Atom
• Nuclei and electrons
• Elementary particles

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Discovering Elementary Particles
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Cosmic Rays

• Cosmic Rays
• Particles emitted by stars
• Used to understand nucleus
• Found new elementary particles

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Particle AcceleratorsThe Essential Tool

• Particle Accelerator
• Artificial cosmic rays
• Ernest O. Lawrence
• cyclotron
• Synchrotron
• Linear accelerator

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The Elementary Particle Zoo
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Leptons, Hadrons, andAntimatter
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Quarks and Leptons

• Quark
• Fundamental building blocks of hadrons
• Fractional electrical charge
• Only six kinds
• Leptons
• Six kinds
• Outside nucleus

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Quark Confinement

• Individual quarks
• No experimental isolation of a quark
• Elementary particles
• Difficult to isolate

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The Four Fundamental Forces
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The Four Fundamental Forces
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Force as an Exchange

• Forces cause matter to accelerate
• Gauge particle
• Produce fundamental forces

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Unified Field Theories

• Unified Field Theories
• Fundamental forces seen as different aspects of
  one force
• Four fundamental forces may be different aspects
  of a single force
• Electroweak force
• Standard model
• Theories of
• Everything

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String Theories

• String Theories
• Smallest building blocks as vibrating strings
• Vibrate in 11 or more dimensions