TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE

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TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE

• Computer Hardware

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TG1.1 Introduction

• Hardware refers to the physical equipment used
  for the input, processing, output and storage
  activities of a computer system.

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Hardware consists of

• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Input technologies
• Output technologies
• Communication technologies

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TG1.2 The Central Processing Unit

• Central processing unit (CPU) performs the actual
  computation or number crunching inside any
  computer.
• Microprocessor
• Control unit
• Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
• Registers

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) (continued)
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How the CPU Works (continued)
See this view from Intel of how a chip works
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Advances in Microprocessor Design

• Moores Law microprocessor complexity would
  double every two years.

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The Evolution of Chips

• For a look at the evolution of chips from the
  Intel 4004 to multicore chips, click here.

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Evolution of Computer Power/Cost
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TG1.3 Computer Memory

• Two basic categories of computer memory
• Primary Storage
• Secondary Storage

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Memory Capacity

• Bit
• Byte

In this picture, one byte, 01001000, represents
the letter H
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Hierarchy of Memory Capacity

• Kilobyte
• Megabyte
• Gigabyte
• Terabyte
• Petabyte
• Exabyte
• Zettabyte

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Primary Storage

• Primary storage or main memory stores three types
  of information for very brief periods of time
• Data to be processed by the CPU
• Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the
  data
• Operating system programs that manage various
  aspects of the computers operation.
• Primary storage takes place in chips mounted on
  the computers main circuit board, called the
  motherboard.

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Main Types of Primary Storage

• Registers
• Random access memory (RAM)
• Cache memory
• Read-only memory (ROM)

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Internal workings of personal computer
Hard disk drive
CPU board with fan
RAM
Floppy disk drive
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Primary versus Secondary Memory
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Secondary Storage

• Memory capacity that can store very large
  amounts of data for extended periods of time.
• Magnetic tape (sequential access)
• Magnetic disks (direct access)

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Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape reel
Magnetic tape cartridge
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Hard Drive (Magnetic Disks)
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Optical Storage Devices

• Optical storage devices A form of secondary
  storage in which a laser reads the surface of a
  reflective plastic platter.
• Compact Disk, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
• Digital Video Disk (DVD)

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Flash Memory Devices
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Thumb Drive
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Enterprise Storage Systems

• Enterprise storage system An independent,
  external system with intelligence that includes
  two or more storage devices.
• Three types of enterprise storage
• Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID)
• Storage Area Network (SAN)
• Network Attached Storage (NAS)

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Evolution of Man and Storage
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TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy

• Supercomputers
• Mainframe Computers
• Midrange Computers
• Workstations
• Notebooks and Desktop Computers
• Ultra-mobile PCs
• Computing devices

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NASA Supercomputer
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Mainframes and Mid-range computers
IBM iSeries midrange computer
IBM System Z mainframe
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TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies

• Input technologies allow people and other
  technologies to put data into a computer. The two
  main types of input devices are
• human data-entry devices include keyboards,
  mouse, trackball, joystick, touchscreen, stylus
  and voice recognition
• source-data automation devices input data with
  minimal human intervention (e.g. barcode reader).
  
• Speed up data collection
• Reduce errors
• Gather data at the source of a transaction or
  other event.

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Input and Output Technologies (continued)

• Output generated by a computer can be transmitted
  to the user over several output devices and
  media, which include
• Monitors
• Printers
• Plotters
• Voice

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Weve come a long way!
Keypunch machine
Punch card
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The First Mouse
A very early (if not the first) mouse
demonstration in 1968.
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Microsoft Seadragon

• Microsoft Seadragon is a very interesting
  interface. See a demonstration here.

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The Multitouch Screen
Jeff Han presents the multitouch screen at the
TED talks.
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Microsoft Surface Computing
Microsoft Surface Computing offers a new
interface for users. This technology is also
called the Microsoft coffee table. Demo
Another look at Microsoft Surface Computing
Demo
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Bluetooth Laser Virtual Keyboard
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The Maltron Keyboard
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Multimedia Authoring System
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TG1.6 Innovations in Hardware Utilization

• Server Farms
• Virtualization
• Grid computing
• Utility computing
• Edge Computing
• Autonomic Computing
• Nanotechnology (see these slides)

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TG1.7 Strategic Hardware Issues

• How do organizations keep up with the rapid price
  and performance advancements in hardware?
• How often should an organization upgrade its
  computers and storage systems?
• Will upgrades increase personal and
  organizational productivity?
• How can organizations measure such increase?
• How do organizations manage telecommuting?