451418607 Land Administration

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451-418/607 Land Administration
Tool 6 SDI

• Dr. Abbas Rajabifard
• March 27th 2007

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Overview

• GIS and Spatial Data Technologies
• SDI Concept, nature and components
• Australian SDI Initiative
• SDI as an Enabling Platform
• Virtual Australia

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GIS and Spatial Data
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• GIS is developed to enable
• the use of spatial information
• to support decision-making
• at different scales
• for multiple purposes.

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The Significance of Data?
Spatial Data is further shaped by the
decision-making process to which it is subject
Access Policy Standards
Spatial Data
Information
People
Decision Making Process
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Spatial Decision Making
GIS
1 Discovery/ Intelligence 2 Decision Design
3 Generating Choice
(Feeney 2003)
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Problem

• Immature institutional arrangements
• Immature user/provider relationships
• Poor knowledge of data availability
• Difficulties in assessing data quality
• Inconsistent policies on data access and use
• Lack of best practice in the use of technologies

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Spatial Data Challenges

• Majority of spatial data resides in government
• Large volumes and varieties of data
• Existing standards are forever evolving
• Supporting technical services/architecture
  missing
• Data and info often developed for one target
• Most of issues/needs are local
• Inefficiencies and duplication
• Inaccessible to potential users due to
  restrictive and competing policies

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The Driving Force for Change

• Improved delivery of government services, the
  spatial element in e-Government
• Facilitating industry development
• National security
• Globalisation
• Technology
• Healthy and safe communities
• Sustainable Development objectives.

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Spatial Data Infrastructure
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Spatial Data Infrastructure

• SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective
  collection, management, access, delivery and
  utilisation of spatial data

• SDI is about facilitating and coordinating the
  exchange and sharing of spatial data
• SDIs constitute a set of relationships and
  partnerships that enable data sharing, update and
  integration (start where you are ready to start).

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Nature of SDI Components
Spatial Data Infrastructure
Dynamic
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Spatial Data Infrastructures
Strategic Planning Decision Making
Less detailed data
Global SDI
Global Decisions
Regional SDI
Regional Decisions
National SDI
National Decisions
State SDI
State Decisions
Local Decisions
Local SDI
Organisational Decisions
Organisational SDI
More detailed Data
Success depends on cooperation between
individuals and agencies
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Relationships Among Different SDIs
Vertical Relationship
Global SDI
Regional SDIs
National SDIs
Horizontal Relationship
State SDIs
Local SDIs
Organisational SDI
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Human and Community Issues
Communities concerned are expecting to reap
benefits from their investment in SDIs

• It is essential to understand the significance
  of human and community issues, as much as
  technical issues as they determine the long
  running success of an SDI innovation

• Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a
  socio-technical and socio-economic rather than a
  purely technical exercise.

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Socio-Technical Viewpoint

• Techno-Centric
• Spatial data community
• Focus on technology
• Technology push
• Because its possible
• Others are developing
• Specified by technologist
• Static in nature

• Socio-Technical
• Spatial data community
• People and technology
• Demand driven
• Because its needed
• We need it
• Specified by Users
• Dynamic in nature

(Modified from Petch and Reeve 1999)
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SDI Development Models

• Product-Based Model (linked) database(s)
• Process-Based Model strategy required to manage
  information assets

Both models are relevant to National SDIs
depending on the political system of the country
being Federated or non-Federated (centralised).
Non-Federated nations are able to take either
model depending on their national spatial data
strategies.
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Generational Development of SDIs

• For the first generation, data was the key driver
  for SDI development and the focus of initiative
  development, and
• the value of SDIs was measured in terms of their
  productive output, the savings for
  producers/providers of spatial data, and from
  sharing.
• However
• For the second generation, the use of that data
  (and data applications) and the need of users are
  the driving force for SDI development. and
• the second generation has a more holistic
  understanding of the financial and socio-cultural
  benefits of SDI development, as well as support
  for spatial decision-making.

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Relationship between the 1st and 2nd Generation
of SDI and the Product and Process-based SDI
Development Models
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Role of Government and the Private Sector in SDI
Development over the Past Decade
Strategic Operational Activity
Uncoordinated Activity
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Emerging SDI Development
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Continuum of SDI Development
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A Strategy for SDI Development

• Increase the awareness and understanding the
  vision, concepts, and benefits of SDIs,
• Demonstrate the benefits of participation in SDI
  to existing and prospective participants,
• Develop common solutions for discovery, access,
  and use of spatial data in response to the needs
  of diverse communities,
• Build relationships among organisations to
  support the continuing development of SDIs,
• Develop a web-based architecture to facilitate
  access and to speed the dissemination of data and
  services,
• Establish the infrastructure and business
  practices needed to sustain the changes.

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Collaboration The Key to SDI Development
SDI development is underpinned by organisational
collaboration between levels of governments and
the private sector
(Warnest 2005)
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Collaboration
Understanding the Collaboration Continuum

• Co-ordination
• Few rules
• Limited resources
• Some interdependency
• Agency goals

• Co-operation
• No formal rules
• Minimal resources
• Independent power
• Vague goals

• Collaboration
• High degree of formality
• High resource commitment
• Interagency control
• Collective goals

(McDougall et al 2004)
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Key Factors

• Communicate benefits to potential users by short
  term projects and demonstrations,
• Building the capacity of society, institutions
  and individuals,
• Long-Term strategic vision and high level
  political support,
• Include the Marine Environment in the sphere of
  SDI initiatives,
• Need to understand link between the terrestrial
  and marine environments they cannot be treated
  isolation,
• Understand the sustainable development factors
  driving the development of Land-based and Marine
  SDIs,
• Importance of a lead/coordinate Agency to
• design and implement the SDI concept,
• coordinate the development of standards and
  protocols,
• building and sustaining foundation data sets,
• providing online public access.

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Key Factors

• Listen to user needs and requirements
• Integrate public and private spatial services
• Team work and data sharing is Key
• Emphasise simplicity and completeness
• Knowledge about the type, location, quality,
  ownership of data
• Share everything- data, content, infrastructure
• Measure what you want to achieve
• Take action to improve where needed
• Review the whole process periodically

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National SDI InitiativesAustralian Case
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National Level
SDI Hierarchy
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SDI Hierarchy and National SDIs
An SDI at a National level has an important role
in building the other levels of SDIs as well as
more relationships with the other levels than any
other level of SDI in the hierarchy.
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Motivation for National SDI Development

• A National SDI ideally should provide benefits
  for all stakeholders at the national level
•   sustainable development,
•   national economic development and
  cooperation,
•   national mapping,
•   emergency management,
•   national security,
•   environmental monitoring and
  management,
•   resource management,
•   urban and regional planning,
•   agricultural and forestry management,
•   maritime relationships.

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Australia A Federated Country

• Jurisdictions Commonwealth and 8
  States/Territories and Local Governments 1 8
  ?800
• Each level separate roles and authority, shared
  overlapping responsibility for mapping
• Different mapping needs and purposes

Jurisdiction Scale Detail Area
Commonwealth Small Low Large State/Territory Med
ium Medium Medium to Large to High to
High Local Large High Small
(Warnest 2004)
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Lead Agencies

• National
• ANZLIC-The Spatial Information Council
• Intergovernmental Committee for Surveying and
  Mapping (ICSM)
• Public Sector Mapping Agencies Australia Ltd.
  (PSMA)
• Jurisdictions
• Commonwealth Spatial Data and Information
  Agencies
• State/Territory Land Administration and Mapping
  Agencies and
• Councils - All Member ANZLIC, ICSM and PSMA

(Warnest 2004)
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Australian SDI
The ASDI comprises the people, policies and
technologies necessary to enable the use of
spatially referenced data through all levels of
government, the private and non-profit sectors
and academia (and ultimately the community).
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Australian SDI

• Coordinated by ANZLIC
• Objectives
• To provide fundamental land and geographic
  information infrastructure needed to support
  economic growth
• To provide national standards and guidelines on
  the use of geographic data
• To maximise community access to spatial
  information
• To support development of the Australian and New
  Zealand spatial information industry
• To strengthen the spatial information
  organisational framework

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A Value Chain Enabled by the ASDI
DISCOVER tell me what data/services are available
ACCESS give me access to it COMBINE let me
combine it with other inputs USE give it in a
form I can use
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ASDI Web Enabled Spatial Data Distributed
Network

• Nodes, Clearinghouses across Australia

(Warnest 2004)
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PSMA

• PSMA Australia Ltd. a government owned company to
  assemble and distribute fundamental spatial
  datasets
• Function as a Clearinghouse under ANZLIC model
  for ASDI
• PSMA National datasets include
• Topography
• CadLite
• Geographic National
• Address File (G-NAF)

(PSMA 2001)
(Warnest 2004)
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SDI Development and the Role of Private Sector
and Sub-National Government(SDI as an Enabling
Platform)
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Without fully appreciating the role of government
in providing an SDI in a modern society, it is
almost impossible to grasp the potential of SI,
its use by the wider community and opportunities
for the private sector.
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Institutional Arrangements

• Where should the SDI sit in the government
  structure?
• Convincing government of the importance of SDI
• Role of government, private and academic sectors
• Advisory bodies
• Policies to support data flows in the SDI
  hierarchy
• Standards
• Custodianship of different data sets

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SDI Development
Technical
Social
Legal
Institutional
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SDI Development 2
SDI Strategy
Success
Collaboration Strategy
Coordination Strategy
(Warnest 2005)
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SDI Development 3

• Vision
• Mission
• Road Map

To make spatial information available and useful
to all - at any time and in any place
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Changing Role of SDI

• Starting from the current initiatives to
  implement SDI as a mechanism to facilitate
  access/sharing of spatial data hosted in
  distributed GISs (the conventional concept)
• through the access and chain of web services
  offered by distributed GISs, making use of
  Internet technologies
• To a new business paradigm where SDI is
  emerging as a virtual jurisdiction or virtual
  enterprise to promote the partnership of
  SI-organisations (Public/Private) to provide
  wider scope of data and services, of size and
  complexity that is beyond their individual
  capacity.
• The development of such SDI requires an
  integrated platform to support the chaining of
  services across participating SI-organisations.

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Enabling Platform
To Facilitate the Integration of Existing
Government Spatial Data Initiatives for Access
and Delivery of Data/Information
SI Services
National/State SI Initiatives
Fundamental Dataset model
Principle of Custodianship
Partnership Approach
Data
Enhancing the capability of government, the
private sector and the general community to
engage in systems based, integrated and holistic
decision making about the future.
Enabling Platform
Connecting people to data and services
Industry
Public
People
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Virtual Jurisdiction
Enabling Platform
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Enabling Platform

• Individual organisations work as a collaborative
  network
• Based on common standards and business
  understanding
• Combines distributed functions provided by
  participating organisations to deliver services
• Structured and managed as to be seen by third
  parties as a single enterprise.

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Thank you