Advancement of the principle of the NationState

1
Advancement of the principle of the Nation-State

• One in which the supreme political authority
  somehow rest upon and represents the will and
  feeling of the inhabitants. Consists of a people
  that will and feel something in common. They must
  sense that they belong-that they are members of a
  community, participating somehow in a common
  life, that the government is their government,
  and that outsiders are foreign. (Palmer, p. 543)

2
Why?

• Because the governments of the nineteenth Century
  found that they could not rule effectively, they
  had to redefine the relationship between the
  government and those to be governed.

3
ITALYThe Crimean War, 1854-1856

• Importance helped to weaken Austria and Russia,
  two countries bent on preserving the status quo
  of the peace settlement of 1815
• Russian foreign policy

4
Risorgimento

• Nineteenth century movement for Italian
  unification inspired by new realities of the new
  economic and political forces at work after 1815
• Two distinct phases
• Idealistic and romantic 1815-1848
• Pragmatic and diplomatic 1848-1870

5
Romantic and idealistic phase

• Desire for freedom from foreign control,
  liberalism and nationalism
• Agreed on goals of constitutional guarantees of
  personal liberties and rights
• Disagreed on monarchy v. republic
• Radicals distrusted moderates
• Unitarians and federalists disagreed
• Republicans condemned monarchists
• Thus, gains of revolutions of 1848 came apart

6
Mazzini, the heart of Italian unification
7
(No Transcript)
8
1848

• Piedmont Sardinia, Lombardy and Venetia rebelled
  against Austrians and local rulers
• Neopolitan king, Ferdinand II and Pope Pius IX
  withdrew support for common war v. Austria
• By the summer of 1849 Charles Albert of Sardinia
  and the other revolutionary republics had been
  defeated
• Romantic phase of Italian unification over

9
Camillo Benso did Cavour (1810-1861)

• Prime minister of Sardinia after 1852
• Used threat of revolutionary resurgence to
  persuade conservative opinion that an Italy
  united under the House of Savoy would be a force
  of stability
• Crimean War 1854

10
Cavour, the brains of Italian unification
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
Results of peace settlement of 1856

• Integrity of Ottoman Empire affirmed
• Moldavia and Wallachia became Romania (1858) and
  along with Serbia were recognized as
  self-governing principalities
• Russia limited to no warships in Black Sea
• Danube became international river
• New changes in Italy and Germany would negate
  the 1815 settlement

15
Italian War of 1859

• Background
• Mazzini (heart of Risorgimento) invested cause of
  united Italy with almost holy character
• Widespread disgust of existing authorities
• Papacy scared into reactionary position by
  Revolution of 1848
• Sardinia key Italian state from 1848 on
• Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy
• Cavours politics of reality
• Franco-Austrian agreement (1859)

16
Results of Austrian war of 1859

• Austria forced to cede Lombardy to
  Piedmont-Sardinia
• Upheavals in other Italian states led to union
  with Piedmont-Sardinia through plebecites

17
Garibaldi, the sword of Italian unification
18
Completion of Italian Unity

• Garibaldis (sword of Italian unification)
  compromise
• Venetia (1866) Result of Seven Weeks War between
  Prussia and Austria
• Rome (1870) While France and Prussia preoccupied
  with Franco Prussian War 1870-1871

19
Unification of Italy, 1859-1870
20
Persistent Problems after Unification

• Occupation of Rome
• Italia irredenta (unredeemed)
• Many Italians, among them Mazzini and his
  followers, still sought the true Risorgimento, or
  rebirth of the Italian people