Lecture 2: History Of Disease 2 Overview

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Lecture 2 History Of Disease (2) Overview

• EARLY 19th CENTURY / INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Major Demographic Changes
• Reasons For The Changes
• Major Causes OF Death
• LATE 19th CENTURY
• THE 20th CENTURY

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The Industrial Revolution

• The industrial revolution resulted in the onset
  of unhealthy conditions, resulting in a slowing
  down on the improvements in the crude death rate.
• Living conditions became harsh in rural areas,
  forcing many to migrate to the industrial cities.
• Life expectancies in the major cities were much
  lower than in rural areas.
• Class differences within cities were even more
  striking.

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Factors

• There were several factors in this decline, all
  associated with the prevailing laissez faire form
  of capitalism
• Housing was built at very high densities to very
  low standards. Housing densities were very high
  to accommodate workers close to the factories.
• Work conditions. People worked very long hours
  and industrial accidents were common.
• Low wages meant people had little to spend on
  heating or food. Food was often adulterated to
  maximise profits.

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Diseases

• Infectious diseases were the major causes of
  death in the early stages of the industrial
  revolution.
• Air-borne diseases such as smallpox,
  tuberculosis, measles, etc. thrived in the
  over-crowded conditions.
• Water-borne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid
  and various intestinal infections thrived due to
  poor sanitation.
• Typhus thrived in conditions of poverty.
• Most infectious diseases thrived because peoples
  immune systems were compromised by poor diets.

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Common Causes Of Death 18th/19th Century

• Smallpox
• Cholera
• Tuberculosis (Consumption)
• Fevers
• Typhus
• Typhoid
• Childhood Diseases
• Scarlet Fever
• Diphtheria
• Whooping Cough
• Measles
• Summer Diarrhoea

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Late 19th Century

• Major improvements in life expectancy occurred by
  the end of the 19th century due to a decline in
  deaths from infectious diseases.
• As infectious diseases declined, degenerative
  diseases began to increase in importance.

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Major Causes Of Death Late19th Century

• Heart Disease 13
• Tuberculosis 10
• Bronchitis 9
• Pneumonia 8
• Stroke 7
• Childhood Diseases 24
• (e.g. Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough,
  Measles)
• Other 24

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The Twentieth Century

• Infectious diseases continue to decline as a
  cause of death and life expectancies continued to
  improve in the 20th century
• The changes that occurred between the mid-19th
  and mid-20th centuries in Britain and Ireland are
  often referred to as the epidemiological
  transition. It is characterised by
• Decline in deaths from infectious diseases
• Increase in deaths from degenerative diseases
• Decline in overall death rates
• Increase in life expectancy, and mean age at
  death
• Elimination of mortality spikes corresponding
  to epidemics

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Causes of Death 1990s

• Circulatory System
• Ischaemic Heart Disease 24.8
• Cerebrovascular Disease 9.3
• Malignant Neoplasms 23.5
• Respiratory Diseases 14.4
• All Other Causes 17.4

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