REPRODUCTION

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REPRODUCTION
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Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries
• Two organs that produce eggs
• Size of almond
• 30,000-40,000 eggs
• Eggs can live for 12-24 hours

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Hormones

• Produced by the ovaries
• Estrogen
• Develops secondary sex characteristics
• Progesterone
• Stimulates the uterus to prepare for a fertilized
  egg

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Fallopian Tubes

• Connect ovary to uterus
• Site of fertilization of egg by sperm

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Fertilization
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Implantation
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Menstrual Cycle

• Occurs every 28 days
• Preparation for fertilized egg
• Endometrium expands thickens
• If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrial
  lining sheds, bleeding occurs, this is your
  period
• Ovulation occurs 13-15 days before the first day
  of your menstrual blood flow

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Premenstrual SyndromePMS

• Hormonal imbalance
• Afflicts 40-70 of women at some time in their
  lives
• Symptoms appear mid-cycle after ovulation, peak
  the week before your period

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PMS

• Symtoms
• Bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Cramping
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Mood swings
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Sleep disturbances
• Difficulty concentrating

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PMS

• PMS dsyphoria disorder (PMDD)-severe derangement
  of mood
• Relief from PMS
• Regular exercise stimulates endorphins
• Decrease salt intake
• Small frequent meals
• Avoid alcohol, tobacco, caffeine

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Female Reproductive Problems

• Irregular periods
• Less then 18 days apart or more then 42 days
  apart
• May be rectified with hormonal supplements
• Difficult to conceive with irregular periods
• Blockage of fallopian tube
• Endometriosis
• Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus

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Endometriosis
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Endometriosis
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Male Reproductive System

• Sperm produced in testes
• Starts at puberty and continues to death
• Produce approx 200 million/day
• Ejaculate 200-500 million sperm

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• Sperm made in seminiferous tubules
• Travel to epididymis to mature

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• Sperm exit through vas deferens
• Semen produced in prostate gland, seminal glands,
  cowpers glands
• Sperm only 5 of ejaculation
• Sperm can live 5-7 days

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Male Reproductive System

• Infertility
• Related to quantity and quality of sperm
• Low sperm count
• Inability of sperm to move
• Structural abnormalities of sperm
• Decreased vitamin C intake may damage DNA of
  sperm
• Aspirin in regular doses decrease sperm mobility

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Pregnancy

• First sign is a missed period
• May have breast tenderness, irritability
• Morning sickness
• Diagnosed by blood or urine test looking for HCG
  (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone released
  during pregnancy

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Prenatal Care

• Starts in first trimester
• Check blood sugar, anemia, VDRL,
• Toxemia or hypertension of pregnancy
• RH factor
• Mother is Rh negative and the child is Rh
  postitive
• Rhogam
• Ultrasound
• To monitor fetal developement
• AFP-alpha fetal protein
• Genetic counseling
• To determine the likelihood of having a child
  with a genetic disorder

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Amniocentesis

• Amniotic fluid removed
• Cells examined for abnormalities Down Syndrome
  and Spina Bifida

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Down Syndrome
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Down Syndrome
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Spina Bifida
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Spina Bifida
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Prenatal Care

• Teenage mothers
• Immature bodies compete for nutrients with fetus
• Higher incidence of premature babies
• Immunizations
• Rubella
• STD
• Smoking
• Low birth weight babies
• Hyperactive and irritable babies
• Higher incidence of still born and miscarriages

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Prenatal Care

• Alcohol
• Babies developmentally delayed, retarded,
  physical defects
• Avoid illegal drugs
• Avoid OTC drugs
• Prenatal vitamins
• Folic acid
• Calcium
• Obesity
• Increased rates of spina bifida, ancephaly

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Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion

• May be defective egg or sperm
• Embryo abnormal or not correctly implanted
• Usually first trimester but may be later

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Childbirth

• Many times the first sign of impending childbirth
  is contractions and the bag of water breaking
• Cervix must thin before the child is born
• Dilation
• Sized of opening
• Effaced
• Thinning of cervix

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Childbirth

• Episiotomy
• Surgical incision made between vaginal opening
  and anus
• Anesthesia
• Epidural
• Natural childbirth
• lamaze
• C-section
• Electively for herpes or breech birth
• Emergently for problems with baby

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Childbirth
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C-Section
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Infertility

• Inability to conceive after 1-2 years of
  unprotected sex
• Approx 40 due to male infertility, 40 due to
  female infertility, 10 due to combo and 10
  unknown
• Approx 45,000 babies born in US with assisted
  reproduction
• Success rates affected by the age of the mother
  if her eggs are used
• 37 successful if under 35 yrs
• 4 successful in over 42 yrs

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Artificial Insemination

• Sperm donation or sperm aspiration

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In Vitro Fertilization

• Sperm and egg combined in the lab, fertilization
• Zygote placed back into the uterus
• Very expensive and not always successful
• Oldest woman in the US to give birth using in
  vitro was 62 years old and an Romanian woman gave
  birth at 66

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In Vitro Fertilization
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Infertility

• Surrogate mother
• Woman unable to have children may have IVF in
  another woman who has the child
• Fertility drugs