Heredity and Reproduction

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Heredity and Reproduction
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Distinguish between sexual and asexual methods of
reproduction.

• Asexual reproduction reproduction in which a
  single parent produces offspring that are
  genetically identical to the parent
• Sexual reproduction reproduction in which two
  parents produces offspring that share
  characteristics of both parents

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Recognize advantages and disadvantages of sexual
and asexual reproduction.
Variation usually helps a species survive when
the environment changes. Asexual reproduction
only requires one parent to produce a new plant.
It can therefore produce many plants very
quickly. This is an advantage in places where the
environment doesn't change very much (bacteria).
By building a large population of organisms very
quickly the species is able to thrive. The great
disadvantage is that when the environment
changes, all of the organisms will die, if they
do not have the ability to adapt to the
change. Sexual reproduction has the advantage of
providing lots of variation within a species,
helping it to survive when the environment
changes. The main disadvantage is that this
process takes a lot of energy. This means that
they can only produce small populations.

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Advantages Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual
Reproduction
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Flowering Plants

• Flowering plants are the most abundant plants in
  the world. They come in a wide variety of shapes
  and sizes. The following are all examples of
  different flowering plants
• Oak trees
• Prickly-pear cactuses
• Irises
• Bermuda grass
• Bean stalks

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• Flowering plants can reproduce sexually. During
  sexual reproduction, a sperm fertilizes an egg.
  Both the egg and sperm cells are located within
  the flower.
• The process of plant fertilization is shown in
  the illustration below

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Lets draw a flower and match the part with its
reproductive function.
Put the definition of each at the bottom of your
drawing.
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Definitions

• Anther where pollen is produced
• Egg female reproductive cell
• Ovary part that produces eggs
• Ovule - contains egg within the ovary of the
  flower
• Petal brightly colored part of the flower
• Pistil center of plant, develops in to fruit
  when fertilized
• Pollen male reproductive bodies
• Pollen tube tube that takes the pollen to the
  egg
• Sepal surrounds fertile organ of the flower
• Sperm cells male reproductive cells
• Stigma part that receives the pollen

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• Now put your definitions into a circle map!

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Pollination

• Pollination, the process of pollen grains moving
  from the anthers to the stigmas, is the beginning
  of the process of fertilization.
• After the pollen lands on the stigmas, a tube
  grows from the stigma to the ovary. The sperm
  cells in the pollen travel down the tube and fuse
  with eggs sitting in the ovule.
• Fertilized eggs develop into seeds. The ovule
  around the seeds develops into fruit.

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The following illustration shows how
fertilization leads to the development of fruit
and seeds

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• When a developed seed for a flowering plant is
  dropped or planted in a suitable environment, the
  seed begins to germinate, or sprout. Look at the
  illustration below to see the stages a
  germinating plant goes through

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• A few flowering plants are also able to
  reproduce asexually.
• That means the plant does not have to form
  flowers, seeds, and fruits to produce a new
  plant.
• When a flowering plant reproduces asexually, a
  part of the plant, such as a stem or root,
  produces a new plant. The "eyes" you see growing
  out of some potatoes are examples of asexual
  reproduction.

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Recognize a variety of pollination methods and
associated floral adaptations.

• Pollination is the process by which pollen
  grains are transferred from the male part of a
  plant to the female part of a plant.
• Floral adaptations are things that make the
  flower more attractive to insects to aid in
  pollination.

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Recognize a variety of pollination methods

• Insects - When an insect lands on a flower
  (often to feed upon nectar), it may become coated
  in the flower's pollen. When the insect lands on
  another flower, the pollen grains it carried may
  be deposited on the plant's female structure,
  resulting in pollination.Animals - Animals can
  aid in pollination in a way that is similar to
  insects. When an animal feeds upon or comes in
  contact with a flower, it can collect pollen
  grains. When the animal contacts another flower,
  the pollen grains may be deposited on the female
  structure, resulting in pollination.Wind - Some
  flowers depend upon wind to aid in pollination.
  In wind-pollinating species, the pollen grains
  are small and light so that they may be carried
  through the air. Some of these pollen grains may
  be deposited on the female structure of another
  flower, resulting in pollination. An example of a
  wind-pollinating flower is ragweed.Water -
  Although rare, some flowers use water to aid in
  pollination. In this process, pollen grains fall
  into flowing water, such as a river or stream.
  Later, the pollen grains may contact the female
  structure of other plants, either at the surface
  of the water or beneath the surface.

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Recognize a variety of pollination methods

• Insects lands on flower, picks up pollen,
  deposits it onto another flower.
• Animals comes in contact with a flower, picks
  up pollen, then comes in contact with another
  flower and deposits onto the flower.
• Wind blows pollen from one flower through the
  air to another flower.
• Water (rare) pollen falls into flowing water
  and comes in contact with another flower.

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Floral Adaptations

• Over time, plants have developed a variety of
  adaptations that aid in pollination.
• For example, plants that are pollinated by
  insects and other animals have developed
  brightly-colored flowers and sweet-smelling
  nectar. These traits attract potential
  pollinators.
• Wind-pollinating plants have developed light,
  feathery pollen grains that are easily
  transported by the wind.

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• Lets put that into a
• Tree Map!

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• Lets Review.

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• STUDY GUIDE!!!!!!!!!
• Be able to label the flower with the parts needed
  for reproduction. (all 12 listed in notes)
• Be able to match a flower part with its
  reproductive function. (all 11 definitions listed
  in notes)
• Be able to distinguish between sexual and asexual
  methods of reproduction.
• Be able to recognize advantages and disadvantages
  of sexual and asexual reproduction.
• Be able to recognize a variety of pollination
  methods and associated floral adaptations.