ECOLOGICAL THEATER

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ECOLOGICAL THEATER
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QUIZ 3 Randomness?

• Events are equally probable
• Events are independent
• Mockingbird song and time of day?

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Monarch Butterfly Migration

• Internal time-direction
• program. Environmental signal
• that flips switch between
• reproduction and migration?
• Identified 40 genes involved in migration. How
  so?
• Gene called vrille, part of circadian clock.
• Gene tyramine beta hydroxylase involved in motor
  behavior.
• Some other genes involved in metabolic processes.

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Population Regulation Disease
Yersinia pestis. Rod shaped bacterium. Facultative
anaerobe. Responsible for death of one-third
European population In 1347 to 1353.
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Bubonic Plague Black DeathYersinia pestis
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ECOLOGICAL THEATER

• Population Ecology
• Population All individuals of the same species
  that occupy a specified area
• Community Ecology
• Community All populations in a habitat. Group
  of organisms with similar life-styles
• Ecosystem Ecology
• Array of organisms, together with their
  environment, interacting through a flow of energy
  and a cycling of materials

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Pascagoula RiverBasin
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LIFE RUNS ON SUGAR
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LIFE WORKS IN CYCLES
EXAMPLE A Endocrine Control
EXAMPLE B Population Regulation
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LIFE RECYCLES EVERYTHING IT USES
CARBON CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLE
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LIFE MAINTAINS ITSELF BY TURNOVER
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LIFE IS INTERCONNECTED
AND INTERDEPENDENT
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What Is An Ecosystem?
The biotic community and its abiotic environment
Biotic
Abiotic
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Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
Uplands
Seagrass Beds
Wetlands
Salt Marshes
Water and Submerged land
Shrimp
Blue Crab
Red Fish
Oyster Reefs
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ECOLOGICAL THEATER

• Population Ecology
• Population All individuals of the same species
  that occupy a specified area
• Community Ecology
• Community All populations in a habitat. Group
  of organisms with similar life-styles
• Ecosystem Ecology
• Array of organisms, together with their
  environment, interacting through a flow of energy
  and a cycling of materials

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ECOSYSTEM Basic Functional Unit of Ecology

• Community of Organisms
• Flow of Energy
• Cycling of Materials Biogeochemical Cycles
• Feedback Control

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Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
Uplands
Seagrass Beds
Wetlands
Salt Marshes
Water and Submerged land
Shrimp
Blue Crab
Red Fish
Oyster Reefs
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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS
TROPHIC STRUCTURE Green Belt Autotrophic
Stratum Brown Belt Heterotrophic Stratum
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Simple Food Chain
Producer? Consumer? Trophic level?
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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS
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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMSSpecies Interactions

• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition
• Intraspecific
• Interspecific

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BARNACLES?
Arthropoda Sessile Crustacean
Filter Feeder ? Plankton ?
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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMSSpecies Interactions

• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition
• Intraspecific
• Interspecific

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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMSSpecies Interactions

• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition
• Intraspecific
• Interspecific

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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMSSpecies Interactions

• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition

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Evolutionary Adaptations

• Predators have evolved characteristics that
  increase their chances of catching prey
• Examples tearing claws of mountain lions and
  keen eyesight of hawks
• Prey have evolved characteristics that decrease
  the chances of being eaten
• Examples dappling spots and motionless behavior
  of fawns

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Counteracting BehaviorsNight-hunting bats and
their moth prey

• Bats evolved high-intensity,
• high-frequency sound pulses to image
  surroundings and locate moths
• Some moths evolved simple ears to detect bat
  pulses and take evasive maneuvers
• Bats can switch frequencies outside of moths
  sensitive range to avoid detection
• Moths can emit pulses to confuse bats
• Bats can turn off their pulses to listen for
  moths pulses

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Camouflage renders animals inconspicuous even
when in plain sight. May include evolved colors,
patterns, and shapes resembling ones
surroundings
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Mimicry

• Mimicry refers to a situation in which one
  species has evolved to resemble another organism
• Two or more distasteful species may each benefit
  from a shared warning coloration pattern
  (Müllerian mimicry)
• Predators need only experience one distasteful
  species to learn to avoid all with that color
  pattern
• Example bees, hornets, and yellow jackets share
  black-and-yellow stripes
• Example monarch and viceroy butterflies

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Protection Through Mimicry

• Some harmless organisms can gain a selective
  advantage by resembling poisonous species
  (Batesian mimicry)
• Example harmless hoverfly resembles bee
• Example harmless scarlet king snake resembles
  the venomous coral snake

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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMSSpecies Interactions

• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition

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Role of migratory birds?
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COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMSSpecies Interactions

• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Competition
• Predation
• Parasitism

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Mutualism

• In mutualism, both the host and the other
  species benefit
• Example clownfish and sea anemones, termites and
  protist

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Commensalism

• In commensalism, one species benefits and the
  other is unaffected
• Example Euglossine bee and orchid, cow and
  cattle egret, Ramoras and Sharks