Dust

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Dust

• A major component of particulate matter that is
  greater than 2.5 um, but less than 10 um in
  diameter
• PM10
• Major PM10 sources
• Dust
• Livestock operations
• Construction
• Roads
• Agricultural fields
• Deserts
• Soot
• EPA limit for PM10
• 24 average 150 ug/m3
• Annual average 50 ug/m3

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• Effects of PM10
• Human health
• Settles in upper airways
• Aggravates respiratory diseases
• Carries odors
• Extends distance of odor plume
• Reduces visibility
• Clean air act states that it will provide
  protection for the visibility of natural parks
  and wilderness areas
• Extent of the problem
• 
  Natural visibility Average visibility
• 
  miles
• Eastern U.S. 90
  12-25
• Western U.S. 140
  35-90
• Dust contributes 5 20 of the reduction of
  visibility in the U.S.

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• Sources of dust from livestock
• Feeds
• Wastes in buildings
• Damage during delivery
• Processing
• Dry manure
• Animal skin
• Feathers
• Bedding
• Bacteria
• Molds

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• Factors contributing for livestock dust
• Building type
• Solid floor gt slats
• Animal activity
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Ventilation
• Stocking density
• Lower density gt high density
• Feeding method
• Results of these factors causes evening dust peak
  around outdoor cattle lots
• Reasons
• Afternoon heat and wind dries manure
• Cattle become active in the evening
• Moving to the feed bunk or waters or interacting
  socially
• Atmosphere becomes more stable in evening so
  suspended dust particles hang in air

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• Dust control
• For swine and poultry in confinement buildings
• Feeding system
• Feed pelleted feeds
• May be improved by adding fat during cooling
• Deliver feeds to feeders with drop tubes
• Use liquid feeding systems
• For swine
• Improve skin health
• Improve dietary fat quality
• Supplement with zinc to requirement
• Management
• Frequent cleaning
• Include ventilation fans and motors, louvers and
  shrouds
• If animals are kept year-round, zone clean part
  of barn
• Spray vegetable oil
• Do not mist
• Reduces respirable dust by 81
• Use wet scrubbers

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• For cattle in an earthen lot
• Feeding system
• Add up to 5 fat to the diet
• Feed for the last time early in the afternoon
• Minimizes late afternoon activity
• Frequent cleaning
• Also applies to concrete lots
• Set manure scraping equipment to leave 1 to 2
  inches of compacted manure on top of the soil
• Prevent leaching of nutrients into ground water
• Increase stocking rate during hot dry weather
• Increased urine reduces dust
• Sprinkle water over lot
• Most effective in late afternoon when cattle are
  active
• Need capacity for .25 inches/day
• Sprinklers should have at least 50 overlap, but
  not run onto feed apron
• Excessive moisture may increase odor
• Topical application of crop residues on lot
  surface

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