Standardiseringsideologi

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Standardiserings-ideologi

• Universalisme

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Standardiserings-ideologi

• Idealer om den gode standard
• Basert på tro - ikke viten
• Universalisme
• den perfekte løsning
• alt passer sammen konsistens
• ingen overlapp
• Sunne idealer om utvikling av programvare

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Standardiserings-ideologi 2

• Roten vitenskapelige idealer overført til
  teknologi
• Vitenskap objektive, universelle fakta, lover,
  teorier
• Ofte bra - har sine begrensninger
• Baseres på antagelser om en lukket, homogen
  virkelighet

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Eksempel Helse

• .. make sure that unsuitable circumstances (e.g.
  proliferation of incompatible solutions) are not
  allowed to take root and in that case,
  standardization must be started as soon as
  possible in order to set the development on the
  right track (De Moor 1993, p. 4).
• ..the efforts of these groups have been somewhat
  fragmented and redundant. Parallel efforts in
  Europe and the Pacific Rim threaten to further
  fragment standardization efforts (McDonald
  1993).

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Eksempel Helse forts.

• If we could eliminate the overlap and
  differences, we could greatly magnify the utility
  and accelerate the usage of these standards.
  (McDonald 1993).
• The establishment of a Fortress Europe and the
  creations of barriers of trade have to be
  avoided (De Moor 1993, p. 6).
• ... duplication of work must be avoided. ....
  (De Moor 1993, p. 6)

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Eksempel Helse forts.

• .. too much emphasis on short term benefits
  while ignoring the long term benefits that would
  come through the analysis of large data bases
  collected in uniform fashion over large patient
  populations (McDonald 1993).
• achieving ... a unified set of non-redundant,
  non-conflicting standard (McDonald 1993, p. 16,
  emphasis added).
• The eventual scope of P1157 is all of healthcare
  communications, both in the medical centre,
  between medical centres, and between individual
  providers and medical centres (ibid.).

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Eksempel Helse forts.

• More alarming is the ascertainment that many of
  these telematics-experiments in Health Care have
  been conducted on regional scales and inevitably
  have resulted in the proliferation of
  incompatible solutions, hence the importance of
  standardization now (De Moor 1993, p. 1).
• Consensus standards are needed urgently (De
  Moor 1993, p. 2).

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Andre eksempler

• OSI, X.25
• En, universell løsning.
• ICD
• ett globalt, universelt klassifikasjons-system

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Internet

• Internet was based on the idea that there would
  be multiple independent networks of rather
  arbitrary design, ... packet satellite networks,
  ground-based packet radio networks and other
  networks.
• The Internet as we now know it embodies a key
  underlying technical idea, namely that of open
  architecture networking. In this approach, the
  choice of any individual network technology was
  not dictated by a particular network architecture
  but rather could be selected freely by a provider
  and made to interwork with the other networks
  through a meta-level Internetworking
  Architecture.

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Internet, forts

• Each network can be designed in accordance with
  the specific environment and user requirements of
  that network. There are generally no constraints
  on the types of network that can be included or
  on their geographic scope.
• Each distinct network would have to stand on its
  own and no internal changes could be required to
  any such network to connect it to the Internet.
• Black boxes would be used to connect the
  networks these would later be called gateways
  and routers.
• There would be no global control at the
  operations level.

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Internet - konsistent??

• Heterogenitet brukes som argument for en konkret
  universell løsning TCP/IP
• Gateways aksepteres ikke
• Tunneling Kun kom. mellom homogene nett

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Hvordan utvikle universelle standarder

• En global informasjonsmodell
• Modellering objektiv beskrivelse av
  virkeligheten som den er
• Antagelse Verden er homogen og konsistent
  gtmodellen er det
• Objektene i verden er stabile
• Virkeligheten kompleks - men bare i den grad OO
  løser problemene

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Illusjonen om det universelle

• Åpenhet
• Uansett hvor omfattende en modell er, det ar
  alltid noe som ikke er med
• eks sikkerhet i helse og trygd
• Ukompletthet
• Uansett hvor detaljert en standard er, når den
  tas i bruk må den kompletteres

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Illusjonen om det universelle, forts

• Duplisering
• Standarder implementeres i produkter - ikke alle
  produkter er universelle
• Det universelle fordamper når det implementeres

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Hva virker?

• Small is beautifil-ism
• Furst
• 3 uker på å lage løsning som virket
• gateways til andre nett, maks 1 ukeverk