MOTHERS ROLE

1
MOTHERS ROLE
2
MOTHER INFANT BOND

• ETHOLOGICAL APPROACH
• EVOLUTIONARY BASIS OF BEHAVIORS (BIOLOGICALLY
  DETERMINED)
• IMPRINTING
• MOTHER-INFANT-BONDING
• MOTHERS FEELING OF CLOSE, CARING CONNECTION
  WITH NEWBORN
• CRUCIAL IN FIRST HOURS AFTER BIRTH
• MOTHERING IS MOST IMPORTANT
• HARLOWS EXPERIMENT WITH MONKEYS

3
ATTACHMENT

• ATTACHMENT IS A CLOSE EMOTIONAL BOND BETWEEN THE
  INFANT AND THE CAREGIVER(S)
• FIRST YEAR OF LIFE IS CRITICAL FOR THE
  DEVELOPMENT OF ATTACHMENT
• 6-7 MONTHS, ATTACHMENT TO THE CAREGIVER(S)
  BECOMES MORE INTENSE AND FOCUSED ON THE PRIMARY
  CAREGIVER

4
ATTACHMENT

• SENSITIVITY TO THE INFANTS SIGNALS INCREASES
  SECURE ATTACHMENT
• INFANTS DIFFER IN HOW SECURELY THEY ARE ATTACHED
  TO THEIR CAREGIVER(S)

5
FORMS OF ATTACHMENT

• SECURELY ATTACHED
• USES THE CAREGIVER, USUALLY MOTHER, AS A SECURE
  BASE FROM WHICH TO EXPLORE THE ENVIRONMENT
• CRY WHEN MOM LEAVES AND ARE HAPPY TO SEE HER WHEN
  SHE RETURNS
• BETTER AT CROSSING OPEN SPACES AND AT REACHING
  FOR, PLAYING WITH , AND HOLDING ON TO TOYS THEY
  STUMBLE AND FALL LESS

6
FORMS OF ATTACHMENT

• INSECURELY ATTACHED
• AVOIDANT
• RARELY CRY WHEN MOTHER LEAVES
• AVOID HER ON RETURN
• TEND TO BE VERY ANGRY
• DISLIKE BEING HELD
• DISLIKE BEING PUT DOWN EVEN MORE
• AMBIVALENT
• BECOME ANXIOUS EVEN BEFORE MOTHER LEAVES

7
FORMS OF ATTACHMENT

• SEEK CONTACT WITH MOM BUT AT THE SAME TIME RESIST
  BY KICKING OR SQUIRMING
• DO LITTLE EXPLORING
• HARD TO COMFORT
• DISORGANIZED-DISORIENTED ATTACHMENT
• INCONSISTENT CONTRADICTORY BEHAVIORS

8
STRANGER AND SEPARATION ANXIETY

• STRANGER ANXIETY
• WARINESS OF A PERSON BABY DOES NOT KNOW
• SEPARATION ANXIETY
• DISTRESS WHEN A FAMILIAR CAREGIVER LEAVES
• BOTH DEPEND ON TEMPERAMENT AND LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES

9
DISTURBANCES IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

• INSTITUTIONALIZATION
• ORPHANAGES
• CHILDREN DIED SOMETIMES IN FIRST YEAR
• DECLINE IN INTELLIGENCE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• NURSERY
• MORE ATTENTION
• MORE CONTACT BY CARE GIVERS
• FOUNDLING HOME
• BELOW AVERAGE IN HEIGHT, WEIGHT , AND
  INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

10
DISTURBANCES IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

• HOSPITALIZATION
• babies go through three stages of separation
  anxiety
• protest
• shake crib
• throw themselves about
• despair
• withdrawn and inactive
• cry monotonously or intermittently
• assume they have accepted the situation

11
DISTURBANCES IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

• detach
• accept care from a succession of nurses and eat,
  play with toys, smile, and are sociable
• when mothers visit, the babies remain apathetic
  and may turn away

12
ABUSE

• PHYSICAL ABUSE
• INVOLVES PHYSICAL INJURY TO THE CHILD
• MINOR PHYSICAL ABUSE MORE COMMON THAN MAJOR
  PHYSICAL ABUSE
• PHYSICAL NEGLECT
• FAILURE TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE NOURISHMENT, SHELTER,
  CLOTHING, OR HEALTH CARE
• ACCOUNTS FOR A LARGE PROPORTION OF REPORTED CASES
  OF CHILD MALTREATMENT

13
ABUSE

• EMOTIONAL ABUSE
• PARENTAL BEHAVIORS THAT CAUSE EMOTIONAL AND
  PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM TO THE CHILD BUT ARE NOT
  PHYSICAL ABUSE OR NEGLECT
• IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE ARE OFTEN
  INVISIBLE
• LESS LIKELY TO BE REPORTED
• SEXUAL ABUSE
• SEXUAL BEHAVIORS ARE FORCED UPON THE CHILD
• GIRLS AT HIGHER RISK THAN BOYS

14
ABUSE

• PARENTAL RISK FACTORS
• HISTORY OF ABUSE IN THEIR BACKGROUND
• DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES
• LOW SELF-ESTEEM, LACK OF IDENTITY
• OFTEN YOUNG, IMMATURE, DEPENDENT
• OFTEN EXPECT CHILD TO PROVIDE THEM WITH LOVE AND
  NURTURING
• SOCIALLY ISOLATED
• LACK OF SUPPORT FROM OUTSIDE RESOURCES

15
ABUSE

• LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CHILD REARING
• UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS OF CHILDS ABILITIES
• LOW TOLERANCE FOR COMMON INFANT BEHAVIORS
• CHILD RISK FACTORS
• DIFFICULT TEMPERAMENT
• SPECIAL NEEDS
• PREMATURE
• UNATTRACTIVE CHILDREN
• UNWANTED CHILDREN

16
ABUSE

• CULTURAL/ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS
• CHRONIC STRESS
• UNEMPLOYMENT
• ALCOHOL OR SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE IS HIGHER IN COUNTRIES
  WHERE THE CULTURE IS MORE VIOLENT

17
ABUSE

• SIGNS OF ABUSE
• MANY UNEXPLAINED INJURIES, SCARS, BRUISES
• INCONSISTENT EXPLANATIONS FOR CHILDS INJURIES
• EMOTIONAL RESPONSE OF PARENT INCONSISTENT WITH
  THE DEGREE OF THE CHILDS INJURY
• PHYSICAL SIGNS OF NEGLECT SUCH AS MALNOURISHMENT,
  DEHYDRATION, UNKEMPT APPEARANCE

18
ABUSE

• CHILD CRINGES WHEN APPROACHED AND APPEARS OVERLY
  AFRAID
• CHILD HAS EXCESSIVE INTEREST IN SEXUAL MATTERS
• CHILD HAS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
• MOST STATES HAVE MANDATORY REPORTING OF ABUSE
  LAWS