THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PASSAGEWAYS

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PASSAGEWAYS
LUNGS?
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FUNCTIONS of the respiratory system

• 1 obtaining oxygen removing carbon dioxide
• filtering incoming air
• controlling the temp water content of incoming
  air
• producing vocal sounds
• plays important roles in the sense of smell
  regulation of blood pH

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the EVENTS of respiration

• breathing / ventilation moving air into or out
  of the lungs
• external respiration gas exchange between blood
  the air in the lungs
• gas transport in blood between the lungs body
  cells
• internal respiration gas exchange between blood
  body cells
• cell respiration using O2 to break glucose
  form ATP

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PARTS of the respiratory system upper
respiratory tract

• nose w/ 2 nostrils
• nasal cavity / nasal passages
• divided into R L by the nasal septum (may be
  deviated)
• paranasal sinuses air-filled spaces in the
  bones of the skull
• pharynx a passageway for air food

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UPPER respiratory tract
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PARTS of the respiratory system lower
respiratory tract

• larynx contains the vocal cords
• Trachea windpipe
• bronchial tree branched air passages that lead
  from the trachea to the air sacs, or alveoli

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parts of the respiratory system LOWER
respiratory tract

• 2 lungs the right lung has 3 lobes the left
  has 2 lobes
• assisted by the diaphragm
• controlled by the medulla
• oblongata pons
• in the brain stem

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lower respiratory tract
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the PATH air takes

• air is taken in through the nose or mouth
  inspiration
• air flows into the pharynx passes the
  epiglottis
• it moves through the larynx (voicebox)
• it travels down the trachea which splits into 2
  tubes
• a bronchial tube leads into each lung
• this pathway is reversed for expiration

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lung capacity

• tidal volume the amount of air that moves in
  during a respiratory cycle (1 inhalation 1
  expiration)
• residual volume air remaining in lungs after a
  maximal exhale
• vital capacity the maximum amount of air a
  person can exhale after taking in the deepest
  breath possible
• total lung capacity the vital capacity the
  residual volume

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cleaning dirty air

• theres millions of particles of foreign matter
  in air!
• air must be filtered before it reaches the lungs
• the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchial tree are
  all lined with ciliated cells that secrete mucus
  via goblet cells
• the cilia beat upward towards the pharynx, where
  foreign matter is swallowed or coughed up

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alveoli the place of gas exchange

• the bronchi branch like a tree (bronchus?
  bronchioles? alveoli)
• alveoli are the sacs of the lungs where O2 CO2
  are exchanged by diffusion between the air and
  blood

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alveoli the place of gas exchange

• grape-like clusters of alveoli are surrounded by
  networks of tiny blood vessels / capillaries
• the walls of capillaries and of alveoli are only
  1 cell thick

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blood transport of gases

• external respiration the exchange of O2 CO2
  between the air in the alveoli and the blood that
  circulates through its capillaries
• once oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, it is
  pumped by the heart to all cells in the body

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blood transport of gases

• cellular respiration the process by which cells
  use oxygen to break down glucose (via glycolysis)
  release energy to form ATP

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blood transport of gases

• carbon dioxide is a waste product it diffuses
  into the blood which carries it back to the
  lungs, then it is exhaled
• blood going into the alveoli is high in CO2 low
  in O2
• blood returning from the alveoli is low in CO2
  higher in O2

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THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING ?

• breathing is accomplished via the action of the
  diaphragm the muscles between the ribs is
  assisted by air pressure
• inhaling contracts the muscles between the ribs
  causes the rib cage to rise
• inhaling also contracts the diaphragm, flattening
  it, causing it to move lower in the chest cavity

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THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING ?

• both of these muscular contractions increase the
  space in the chest cavity, which creates a slight
  vacuum
• air rushes to fill the space because the pressure
  outside your body is greater than the pressure
  inside your lungs

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THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING ?

• when you exhale (expiration), the rib muscles
  diaphragm relax which lowers the rib cage
  diaphragm
• this decreases the volume of the chest cavity
  forces air out of the alveoli
• Check out the animation!

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THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING ?

• healthy lungs are elastic they stretch as you
  inhale go back to their original size when you
  exhale
• they are never completely empty even after
  exhaling (residual volume)

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CONTROL OF RESPIRATION ?

• usually respiration is involuntary
• the respiratory center is in the brain stem
  includes portions of the pons medulla oblongata
• it is partially controlled by the medulla
  oblongata which maintains the homeostasis of
  blood chemistry

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CONTROL OF RESPIRATION ?

• the medulla oblongata responds to higher levels
  of CO2 in blood by sending nerve impulses to the
  rib muscles the diaphragm, causing these
  muscles to contract you inhale

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RELEVANT VOCABULARY?

• apnea temporary cessation of breathing
• asphyxia O2 deficiency excess CO2 in blood
  tissues
• bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial lining
• cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder which causes
  the production of extremely thick, sticky mucus
  which encourages infection clogs the pancreas
  impairs absorption of nutrients leads to salty
  sweat
• dyspnea difficulty breathing

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RELEVANT VOCABULARY?

• emphysema a progressive, degenerative disease
  that destroys alveolar walls therefore reducing
  the volume of gas exchange
• eupnea normal breathing
• hypercapnia excess CO2 in the blood
• hyperoxia excess O2 in the blood
• hypoxemia deficiency in blood oxygen

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RELEVANT VOCABULARY?

• hyperventilation prolonged rapid deep
  breathing
• pleurisy inflammation of the pleural membranes
• rhinitis inflammation of the nasal cavity
  lining
• sinusitis inflammation of the sinus cavity
  lining

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RELEVANT VOCABULARY?

• spirometer an instrument that measures
  respiratory air volume
• tracheotomy incision in the trachea for
  exploration or for removal of a foreign object