Log Book Clarification for Protists:

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Log Book Clarification for Protists

• Rhizopoda sarcodines
• Chrystophyta/bacillariophyta golden algae
• Rhodophyta red algae
• Phaeophyta brown algae
• Chlorophyta green algae
• Acrasiomycota slime molds
• Cellular slime moldsAmoeba-like cells that
  aggregate to form spore-forming fruiting bodies
• Myxomycota
• Acellular slime molds Multicellular wall-less
  masses of protoplasm with many nuclei (plasmodia)
  that form fruiting bodies in the sporulation
  stage
• Oomycota water molds and downy mildews

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Kingdom Fungi
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Basic Characteristics

• Why are Fungi NOT plants or animals?
• Characteristics
• Heterotrophic
• Much of life cycle is haploid!
• Multi cellular except for yeast
• Cell walls of Chitin structural carbohydrate
• Must absorb NOT ingest food
• Digestion actually happens outside the body!
  (extracellular)
• Can be parasitic ringworm, athletes foot
• NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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Structure

• All Fungi except for yeast are made of Hyphae
• Body of Fungi is called Mycelium many hyphae
  tangled together
• Fruiting Body reproductive part of underground
  mycelium

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Hyphae

• Made of thin filaments hyphae (fuzzy)
• Hyphae can grow as individual cells or may fuse
  together to form coenocytic threads
• there are different types of hyphae
• some for reproduction, some for growth, some for
  stability (sturdy)
• Hyphae that form a web and work together
  Mycelium

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Types of Hyphae

• 3 Types
• Stolons Stem like hyphae
• Run along top of food source
• Give rise to 2 mating forms ( and -)
• Sexual reproduction growth
• Rhizoids Root like hyphae
• Anchors fungi into food sources
• Penetrates food source
• Release digestive enzymes, absorb organic matter
• Sporangiophores hyphae that push up in air
• Fruiting body
• Release spores into the air (for asexual
  reproduction)

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What are the dots around the sporangium?
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FUNGI REPRODUCTION

• Some reproduce asexually, some sexually
• Asexual reproduction
• Fragmentation/budding,
• Spores!
• Spores can be thick walled resist water loss
• (ie, the fungus won't dry out)
• Sexual reproduction
• hyphae fusion
• haploid haploid diploid

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Asexual Reproduction in Fungi

• 2 methods
• Hyphae break off forms a new organism
• Produce Spores reproductive cell made by
  mitosis
• Made in the sporangia
• Sporangia are found at tips of specialized hyphae
• Spores are found everywhere!
• Chance of spore germinating is 1 in a billion!
• Needs warm, moist environment

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Asexual Reproduction in Action

• Spores are being released into the air!

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Sexual Reproduction in Fungi

• 2 different mating types () and (-)
• Hyphae of opposite mating types meet
• Each Hypha forms a Gametangium
• Structure that makes gametes (haploid)
• 2 haploid gametes fuse make diploid zygote
• Meiosis takes place to make haploid org

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Classification of Fungi

• Classify by structure and reproduction methods
• 1. Phylum Zygomycota Common Molds
• Ex Bread Mold
• 2. Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi
• Cup Fungi, Yeasts
• 3. Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi
• Mushrooms
• 4. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi
• Catch all Ex Penicillium

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1. Phylum Zygomycota Common Mold

• Molds on meat, cheese, and bread
• Zygote fungi
• Reproduce sexually asexually
• The zygosporangia (zygotes) are very resistant to
  freezing and drying but the sporangiophores are
  not.

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Life Cycle of Phylum Zygomycota
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2. Phylum AscomycotaSac Fungi

• Sac fungi produce sexual spores in saclike asci
• Visible and microscopic
• Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
• Many are important saprobes (a type of
  decomposer)
• About half the ascomycete species live with algae
  in mutualistic associations called lichens.
• Includes
• Unicellular yeasts
• molds
• elaborate cup fungi
• morels and truffles.
• Important fermenters
• Convert sugar to CO2 alcohol
• Conidia tiny spore name means dust
• formed at tips of specialized Hyphae called
  Conidiophore
• In suitable conditions form new haploid orgs.

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Ex Yeast

• Unicellular fungi
• Have ascus and produce ascospores
• Dry granules are ascospores!
• Activate in moist conditions
• Can see asexual reproduction
• Baking Yeast called Saccharomyces
• Means sugar fungi
• use alcohol fermentation to obtain energy
• Sugar used as food, give off alcohol, CO2
• CO2 is why bread rises

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3. Phylum BasidiomycotaClub Fungi

• Reproductive Structure looks like a club
• Fruiting Body
• Common Mushrooms
• Edible, Medicinal, Poisonous
• Very complex life cycle
• Includes
• including mushrooms
• shelf fungi
• puffballs
• Rusts and smuts
• Mycelium underground grow very large and survive
  a long time
• Largest organism in the world is a club fungi

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Phylum BasidiomycotaLife Cycle
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4. Phylum DeuteromycotaImperfect Fungi

• Extremely varied Phylum
• Grab Bag whatever does not fit in others
• NEVER have observed Sexual Life Cycle
• Reproduce Asexually by Conidia spores
• Like Ascomycetes
• Uses
• Cheeses
• Sauces
• Jams/jellies
• Soft drinks
• Candy
• Antibiotics (penicillin)
• Ex Penicillium notatum
• Grows on fruit
• Source of antibiotic penicillin

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Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi are heterotrophic decomposers ex.
  saprobes
• Can get antibiotics from fungi
• Ex. The fungus Penicillium notatum produces the
  antibiotic penicillin

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Ecology Cont.

• Symbiotic Relationships presence of lichens and
  mychrrhizae in environment indicates GOOD HEALTH
  of that environment.
• Lichen symbiosis between fungus and
  photosynthetic green algae or bacteria
• Photosyn. Org provides the food (sugar)
• Fungus provides nutrients and minerals

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Ecology Cont.

• Mycorrhizae symbiosis of a plant and fungi
• Fungus provides plant with water, minerals
• Plant Provides fungus with photosynthetic food

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Fungal Associations

• Indian pipe - a plant without chlorophyll,
  dependent upon mycorrhizae

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Ecology Cont.

• Disease Some Fungi are Pathogenic
• Plant diseases Rusts, Root Rot
• Animal diseases
• Ringworm, Yeast infections, Athletes Foot

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• Humongous Fungus
• Largest organism on earth?!?