Na

1
Forming an Ionic Bond
Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
Be
Be
1s
O
O
1s
2s
2p
2
Forming a Covalent Bond
Cl2 bond dissociation energy 243 kJ/mol
Cl2
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
covalent bond
Need
16
-
Have
14
_______
O2
Share
2
O
O
1s
2s
O2 bond dissociation energy 498 kJ/mol
2p
O
O
1s
2s
2p
Need
16
double covalent bond
-
Have
12
_______
Share
4
3
Forming a Covalent Bond
N2
N2 bond dissociation energy 945 kJ/mol
N
N
1s
2s
2p
Lets Make A Deal!
N
N
1s
2s
2p
triple covalent bond
Need
16
-
Have
10
_______
Share
6
H2
H
H
1s
H
H
1s
Need
4
single covalent bond
-
Have
2
_______
Share
2
4
Forming a Covalent Bond
No! Because of steric hindrance
C
C
1s
2s
2p
Need
16
-
Have
8
_______
C
C
Share
8
1s
2s
2p
quadruple covalent bond?
H
H4C
1s
Tetrahydrogen carbide methane
H
H
1s
H
H
Need
16
1s
-
Have
8
_______
H
H
Share
8
1s
H
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
Need
12
H
H
-
Have
8
_______
1s
Share
4
O
O
1s
2s
2p
H2O
H
H
Dihydrogen monoxide water
1s
Need
24
O
O
-
Have
16
_______
1s
2s
2p
Share
8
C
C
1s
2s
CO2
2p
Carbon monoxide
O
O
1s
2s
2p
8
Need
14
N
N
Have
8
-
_______
1s
2s
2p
Share
6
H
H
H3N
1s
Trihydrogen mononitride ammonia
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
Need
40
C
C
-
Have
32
_______
1s
2s
2p
Share
8
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride tetrachloromethane
9
Need
10
F
F
-
Have
8
_______
1s
2s
2p
Share
2
H
H
HF
1s
Hydrogen monofluoride
Need
40
N
N
-
Have
28
_______
1s
2s
Share
12
2p
O
O
1s
2s
N2O3
2p
Dinitrogen trioxide
10
Strength of Covalent Bonds
H H
74
436
C C
154
348
F F
142
159
Cl Cl
199
243
Br Br
228
193
I I
151
267
H C
413
109
H F
92
568
H Cl
127
432
H Br
141
366
161
298
H I
134
614
839
120
945
110
C F
488
135
330
C Cl
177
11
Forming a Covalent Bond
-a ______________ results from the _______ of
one or more ________ ___________, between atoms
which have similar __________________, usually
two atoms which are both __________
covalent bond
sharing
valence
electrons
electronegativities
nonmetals
-atoms bonded together by ______________ form a
_________
a covalent bond
molecule
Strength of Covalent Bonds
nuclei
-the distance between the two _______ of
___________ ________ atoms is called the _____
_______, which is determine by the _____ of the
atoms and the _______ of _________ ______ shared
covalently
bonded
bond
length
size
number
electron
pairs
-the amount of energy required to break a
specific covalent bond is called the _____
_____________ _______, and stronger bonds are
________ and have ________ _____ ____________
__________
bond
dissociation
energy
shorter
higher
bond
dissociation
energy
12
Resonance Structures
-a condition that occurs when _____ _____ ____
possible ______ __________ exists for an ____ or
a _________
more
than
one
Lewis
structure
ion
molecule
ozone
nitrate
O3
NO3
Need
24
Have
18
-
_______
Share
6
Need
32
Have
23
-
_______
9
Share
8
-
_______
Gain
1
13
Octet Rule Exceptions
-some covalent molecules bond together, but do
not attain a _______ _____, because they have an
____ _______ of ________ _________
stable
octet
electrons
valence
number
odd
Need
24
Have
17
-
_______
Share
6?
Nitrogen dioxide
-some covalent molecules bond together with
______ than ______ ________ __________, and can
______ with _______ __________ having ________
______ of _________, forming a __________
________ _____
NO2
valence
electrons
fewer
eight
react
stable
compounds
unshared
pairs
electrons
coordinate
covalent
bond

Boron trihydride
Trihydrogen mononitride
BH3
H3N
coordinate covalent bond
14
Octet Rule Exceptions
-some covalent molecules bond together with
______ than ______ ________ __________, an
electron arrangement known as an _________ ______
more
eight
valence
electrons
expanded
octet
Xenon tetrafluoride
XeF4
-V______ S_____ E_______ P____ R________ model
is used to determine __________ ______
VSEPR Model
alence
hell
lectron
air
epulsion
molecular
shape
valence
repel
-________ electrons ______ each other to form
certain _____ _______ which minimize the
__________ between _______ and __________ pairs
of _________
bond
angles
repulsion
shared
unshared
electrons
bent
linear
tetrahedral
trigonal pyramidal
15
Hybridization
-a _______ results from combining ___ of the
________ of object, and it has the ____________
of _____
hybrid
two
same type
characteristics
both

horse
donkey
mule
hybridization
bonding
-atomic orbitals undergo ____________ during
________, forming new orbitals that are
__________ to each other
identical
-when ________ goes to become stable by
_________ _________, it has __ valence electrons
in its _______ ______ ______, including a _____
of electrons in the ___ and __ _________
electrons in the ___
Nitrogen
sharing
electrons
5
second
energy
level
pair
2s
3
unpaired
2p
N
N
1s
2s
2p
16
Hybridization
-_________ tends to _____ with __ other atoms,
leaving its _______ valence electrons ________
Nitrogen
bond
3
paired
unshared
-when ________ goes to become stable by
_________ _________, it has __ valence electrons
in its _______ ______ ______, including a _____
of electrons in the ___ and __ _________
electrons in the ___, but it _____ ____ bond
with __ other atoms, leaving its _______ valence
electrons _________ it undergoes ____________,
in which its ___ orbital and its __ ___ orbitals
combine to form __ identical ____ orbitals,
allowing _______ to bond with __ other atoms
with __ __________ bonds
Carbon
sharing
electrons
4
second
energy
level
pair
2s
2
unshared
2p
does
not
2
paired
unshared
hybridization
2s
3
2p
4
sp3
Carbon
4
4
identical
C
2p
1s
2s
C
C
1s
sp3
sp3
sp3
sp3
17
Polyatomic Ions
-_____ made from _____ _____ ____ atom, held
together by __________ ______, which _____ or
_____ electrons as a ______
ions
more
than
one
covalent
bonds
gain
lose
group
O
O
O
O
-
-
-
Need
32
N
Need
32
C
Have
23
-
Have
22
-
_______
_______
9
10
O
O
Share
8
-
Share
8
-
_______
_______
nitrate
carbonate
Gain
1
2
Gain
NO3
1-
CO3
2-
O
O
S
O
O
P
O
O
Need
40
Need
40
-
-
-
Have
30
-
Have
29
-
_______
_______
O
O
-
-
10
11
Share
8
-
Share
8
-
_______
_______
sulfate
phosphate
Gain
2
Gain
3
SO4
2-
PO4
3-
18
Polyatomic Ions

H
Need
10
Need
16
N
H
H
Have
7
-
Have
9
-
_______
_______
H
O
3
7
H
-
Share
2
-
Share
8
-
_______
_______
hydroxide
Ammonium
Gain
1
-1
Gain
OH
1-
NH4
1
H
O
O
O
-
C
Cl
O
O
Need
40
Need
34
-
Have
31
-
Have
23
-
_______
_______
O
O
9
11
Share
8
-
Share
10
-
_______
_______
perchlorate
Hydrogen carbonate
Gain
1
Gain
1
ClO4
1-
HCO3
1-
19
Polar Bonds
-ionic bonds are those that have a relative
electronegativity difference of more than ____
1.7
2.1
-the electronegativity difference is ______ in
Sodium chloride
20
Polar Bonds
-polar covalent bonds are those that have a
relative electronegativity difference greater
than __ and less than ____, and result from the
________ sharing of electrons between atoms with
__________ ________________
0
1.7
unequal
different
electronegativities
0.9
-the electronegativity difference is ______ in
Hydrogen chloride
21
Polar Molecules
-covalent molecules which are ___________ in
_____ _______ are __________, while molecules
that are ____________ in any plane are ______
symmetrical
all
planes
nonpolar
asymmetrical
polar
-__________ in the ______ of a molecule is caused
by an _______ distribution of _________
__________, creating an _________ of ________ in
the molecule
asymmetry
shape
uneven
valence
electrons
imbalance
charge
-molecules containing only _________ bonds are
_________
nonpolar
nonpolar
-molecules containing a ___________ distribution
of ______ bonds are _________
symmetrical
polar
nonpolar
-molecules containing a ____________ distribution
of ______ bonds are _______
asymmetrical
polar
polar
22
Polar Molecules
-_________ is often created by _________ _______
of ________ _________
polarity
unshared
pairs
valence
electrons
weak
molecules
-the relatively _____ attractions between the
________ of covalent compounds are called
________________ _______, the ________ of which
are called _________ or _______ ________
intermolecular
forces
weakest
dispersion
London
forces
partial
poles
polar
-the ________ ________ of ______ molecules
create stronger ____________________ called
_______- ________ ________, the most _________
of which are called _________ ______
intermolecular forces
dipole
dipole
powerful
forces
Hydrogen
bonds
-_____________ _______ affect the _________
___________ of _________ __________ like
________ ______, _______ ______, and __________
intermolecular
forces
physical
properties
covalent
compounds
melting
point
boiling
point
solubility