POP, Crime and Disorder

1
What Makes a Good Problem Solving Approach Ken
Pease
2
What Makes a Good Problem-Oriented Approach?

• Ken Pease

3
Misfortunes, Problems and Solutions

• Misfortune is when youre resigned to suffering
• Problem is when you believe you can find a way
  out
• Solution is the way out, usually only available
  when you understand the problem

4
Misfortunes become Problems

• Before Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning
  was electrical in nature, the problem was how to
  avoid it, by prayer, and by having water ready to
  try to extinguish the flames. After that, the
  problem changed to that of conducting the
  discharge away from your house, in which you
  could then shelter. Solutions make misfortunes
  into problems.

5
Locus of Control

• Some peoples misfortunes are other peoples
  problems, there being personality differences in
  locus of control.
• Arguably the police, selected and trained to have
  high internal locus of control, should recast as
  problems things that citizens see as misfortunes.

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Houston, we have a problem

• The problem involved loss of oxygen, water,
  electricity and engine power. To a crew with
  external locus of control, it would have been a
  misfortune. To this crew, with immense internal
  locus of control, it was a problem

10
The blessed Herman

• Herman Goldsteins first great contribution was,
  by characterising his approach as
  problem-solving, to define it into the range of
  the soluble. A book called Misfortune-Oriented
  Policing would be very short.
• The reason for not referring to it as
  solution-oriented policing is that the process of
  understanding the problem is central

11
The five concerns

• Preoccupation with management, internal
  procedures and efficiency.
• Too little time and energy devoted to community
  problems.
• Failure to use community as resource.
• Failure to use time and talent of bobbies.
• Resilience of a defensive police culture.

12
The Basic Elements

• Grouping Incidents as Problems
• Accurately Labelling Problems
• Focussing on Substantive Problem
• Effectiveness as Ultimate Goal

13
(No Transcript)
14
Masking Terms

• All Offence Titles
• Youths Causing Annoyance
• Drug Market/Problem
• Neighbourhood Decline
• Hot Spot (sometimes)

15
In conceptualizing problem-solving as a
distinct operational strategy of police work, I
intend to elevate it to a level of importance and
attention commensurate with that of preventive
patrol, emergency response, routine incident
response and criminal investigation. For most of
the history of policing, problem-solving has not
been recognized as a distinct operational
strategy of police work. I contend that, even
since the advent of problem-oriented policing,
most police agencies still have not elevated
problem-solving to the level of the other
operational strategies, failing to develop the
formal systems needed to sustain it.
16
Selected Comparisons
Between Problem-Oriented
Policing and Community Policing
Principles
17
SARA

• Scan
• Analyse
• Respond
• Assess

18
CAPRA

• Clients
• Acquire/analyse
• Partnerships
• Response
• Assessment

19
PROCTOR

• PROblem
• Cause
• Tactic
• Output
• Result

20
The Five Is Doing the Preventive Process

• Intelligence
• Crime problems, patterns, trends
• Consequences
• Causes and risk protective factors
• Intervention
• Civil prevention traditional law-enforcement
• Implementation
• Targeting and delivery
• Insertion
• Mobilisation and partnership in the community
• Impact
• Impact, cost-effectiveness, process evaluation

21
(No Transcript)
22
Neglected.

• Problems have been thought of as crime-generating
  circumstances. People can also be problems,
  offending in a versatile way across crime types
  and circumstances. The logic of looking up from
  crimes to common features is little different
  from looking upwards from crimes to offender
  careers. This is important because it allows
  enforcement to be considered as
  problem-orientation

23
Dick Turpin

• Arrested for stealing a fine cock, later
  realised his identity as highwayman and murderer.
• http//www.york-united-kingdom.co.uk/dickturpin/

24
The Yorkshire Ripper

• Was arrested because a police officer noticed
  that a registration plate was ill-fitting.
  Checking showed it should have been on a Skoda,
  not a Rover. The murder weapon was nearby.
  http//www.bbc.co.uk/crime/caseclosed/yorkshirerip
  per1.shtml

25
Son of Sam

• Detected because he parked illegally next to a
  fire hydrant
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/crime/caseclosed/berkowitz1.s
  html

26
For those who did not admit to shop theft,
burglary was classified, obviously, as the more
frequent offence. Of the 39 cases in which it
was possible to make a comparison, four people
burgled more often than they stole from shops
ten committed the two offences with equal
frequency, and 25 stole from shops more
frequently than they burgled.