Chapter 1 The Emergence of Civilization

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Chapter 1 The Emergence of Civilization

• Section 1
• Prehistoric Peoples

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Scientists interpret prehistory by using the
  scientific method
• The scientific method is the process by which
  scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor
  to construct an accurate (that is, reliable,
  consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of
  the world

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Anthropologists study the remains of hominids

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Archeologists dig up artifacts in ancient
  settlements to learn about early peoples and
  cultures

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Culture is the set of beliefs, knowledge, and
  patterns of living that people develop

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Advanced technology is used to date remains and
  artifacts

Dating a Fossil - As soon as a living organism
dies, it stops taking in new carbon. The ratio of
carbon-12 to carbon-14 at the moment of death is
the same as every other living thing, but the
carbon-14 decays and is not replaced. The
carbon-14 decays with its half-life of 5,700
years, while the amount of carbon-12 remains
constant in the sample. By looking at the ratio
of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in the sample and
comparing it to the ratio in a living organism,
it is possible to determine the age of a formerly
living thing fairly precisely.
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I. Exploring Prehistory
Stratigraphy refers to the interpretation of the
layers in archaeological deposits. By examining
and analyzing the layers (strata) and the
artifacts in them, archaeologists can learn how
past people lived and what kinds of things they
did. Usually, the artifacts found on top are the
youngest (most recent), while those on the bottom
are the oldest. If the stratigraphy gets mixed up
(for example, if someone digs a hole down into
it) then interpretation becomes much more
difficult, and sometimes impossible. If this
happens, artifacts are no longer in context.
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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Artifacts give limited evidence so scientists
  make educated guesses, draw conclusions, and make
  judgments

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Lucy, a 3 million year-old female hominid, was
  found in Ethiopia in 1974 by Donald Johnson

"Lucy," a hominid discovered at Hadar in 1974
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I. Exploring Prehistory

• A 3.7 million year-old hominid was found in
  Tanzania by Mary Leakey

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Both hominids belonged to the group named
  Australopithecus, or southern ape

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• Other stone-tool making hominids lived in East
  Africa about 2 million years ago

 1. Australopithecus afarensis Cranium   2.
Australopithecus africanus Cranium   3. Homo
habilis Cranium  4. Homo erectus Cranium 5.
Neandertal Cranium
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I. Exploring Prehistory

• The Stone Age a period of prehistory that
  begins with the development of stone tools

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I. Exploring Prehistory

• The Stone Age began about 2.5 million years ago
  and lasted until about 12,000 years ago (Over 2
  million years)

"Man is a tool-making animal." --Benjamin
Frankin (1706-1790)
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I. Exploring Prehistory

• The oldest part of the Stone Age is called the
  Old Stone, or Paleolithic, Age
• Paleolithic comes from the Greek for ancient
  and stone

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Section 1 - Prehistoric Peoples

• II. Early humans the first people

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II. Early humans

• Anthropologists can describe the first humans by
  studying their bones

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II. Early humans

• Early humans had to make tools, work together,
  and communicate to succeed as hunters

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II. Early humans

• Humans migrated from Africa to Asia in search of
  food

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II. Early humans

• Homo Sapiens appeared 100,000 to 400,000 years
  ago in Africa and spread into Europe and Asia

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II. Early humans

• Ice Ages occurred several times over the last 1.7
  million years

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II. Early humans

• Sea levels dropped and areas were uncovered,
  creating land bridges

1.Continental ice sheets2.Marine ice
sheets3."Land bridges"4.Isotherms of the water
in degrees C5.Assumed routes of Mans migrations
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II. Early humans

• Neanderthals, early Homo sapiens, lived during
  the Old Stone Age (35,000 to 130,000 years ago)

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II. Early humans

• Neanderthals wore clothing, used fire, and had
  more efficient tools

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II. Early humans

• Neanderthals buried their dead with food and
  tools, indicating a belief in the afterlife

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II. Early humans

• Cro-Magnon people appeared about 35,000 years ago
  in Europe

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II. Early humans

• Something is known about the Cro-Magnon people
  from their cave paintings

Lascaux Cave Paintings
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II. Early humans

• By about 20,000 years ago, humans had migrated
  into Asia and Australia

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II. Early humans

• Migration marks humans ability to adapt to
  different environments

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• The Middle Stone, or Mesolithic, age lasted until
  about 10,000 years ago

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• New technology was developed bow and arrow,
  fishhooks and fish spears, harpoons, and dugout
  canoes

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• People also tamed the dog for hunting and
  carrying packs

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• The New Stone, or Neolithic, age lasted until
  about 4000 years ago

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• The Neolithic agricultural revolution - people
  became food producers for the first time

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• New technology included specialized tools from
  bone, wood, and stone

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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• Neolithic people settled in permanent villages,
  developed agriculture, and domesticated animals

Catalhuyuk 6700B.C. 5600 B.C.
5,000 year-old Neolithic village of Skara Brae
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III. The Agricultural Revolution

• The agricultural revolution was one of the most
  significant events in human history