The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

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The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

• By Jenna Wozniak, Salma Shedbalkar, Alex
  Lawson, and Bill Didier

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The Skeletal System
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Two Major Systems of Bones

• Born w/275 bones in body
• Bone is made up of 3 major parts compact bone,
  soft bone, and sponge bone
• Axial skeleton made up of 80 bones in skull,
  ribs, sternum
• Appendicular made up of 126 bones in
  shoulders, pelvis, and attached limbs

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Major Functions

• Protects vital organs
• Gives shape to body
• Allows movement
• Marrow
• Supports body
• Stores minerals

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Skeletal Problems
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Problems/Treatments

• Scoliosis
• Arthritis
• Disclocation
• Fractures
• Osteoporosis
• Rickets
• Spina bifida
• Marfan syndrome

• Osteopathy
• Bone marrow transplants
• Back braces
• Casts
• Vitamin D
• Surgery
• Artificial limbs

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Bone Marrow

• Soft, spongy, reddish
• Fills most of bone
• Blood cells are produced in the marrow in some
  bones
• An average of 2.6 million red blood cells are
  produced each second
• Transplants

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Joints
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Joints Continued
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Body Movement

• Interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems
• Muscles are connected to bones by tendons
• Bones are connected to each other by ligaments

• Muscles create movement by contracting and
  relaxing

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The Muscular System
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The Muscular System

• 650 muscles in human body
• 3 different type of muscle tissues
• 2 types of muscles
• Human heart

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Problems/Treatments

• Cramps
• Strains
• Sprains
• Spasms
• Muscle fatigue

• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Bromelian
• Creatine
• 48 hours of cold w/elevation, then heat

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Striated, voluntary
• Attached to bones
• Work in pairs flexors and extensors

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Striated, involuntary
• Found only in heart wall
• Contracts and relaxes

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Striated, involuntary
• Found in walls of all internal hollow organs
• Performs the organs functions

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Types of Muscles and Response

• (Initiated by nerve impulse)
• Involuntary
• Voluntary
• All or none response A muscle twitch is an
  all-or-none response it consists of a lag phase,
  contraction phase, and relaxation phase.

• Threshold stimulus
• Contraction
• twitch
• latent period
• period of contraction
• period of relaxation

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New Technology

• Cardiomyoplasty experimental procedure
• Transplanting muscles into heart
• Becomes a mechanical assistant to a weak heart
• Transplanted muscle can learn to act as an
  original heart muscle
• Allows patient to have better quality life

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Bibliography

• http//bart.northnet.com.au/amcgann/body/skeletal
  .htm.
• http//bart.northnet.com.au/amcgann/body/muscular
  .htm.
• http//encarta.msn.com/find/related.asp?pg7ti76
  1552814et2.
• http//www.dukenews.duke.edu/Research/SKELETAL.HTM
  .
• BSCS Biology An Ecological Approach, production
  by PCF, Hudson, New Hampshire, 1987,1992,1998 by
  BSCS.
• The Skeletal System, by Silverstein, Silverstein,
  Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A
  Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994
• The Muscular System, by Silverstein, Silverstein,
  Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A
  Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994

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