Demonstrate knowledge of definitions, characteristics, and sequence of motor development

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SpEd 417/517 Course Objective

• Demonstrate knowledge of definitions,
  characteristics, and sequence of motor
  development
• Demonstrate an understanding of sensory
  processing, the effect on development, and
  intervention techniques to use with students with
  sensory impairments
• Demonstrate a knowledge of the characteristics of
  movement dysfunction in tone, quality, and
  quantity

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Westling Fox Chapter 13

• Increased incidence of sensory and motor
  impairments
• The sensory and motor systems form a definitive
  network through which individuals experience and
  act on the environment
• Motor System
• Muscle tone
• Primitive reflexes
• Posture and movement
• Positioning and handling
• Body mechanics
• Posture and movement
• Positioning

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Sensory-Motor Continuum

• Tactile (touch) - Vestibular - (movement/balance)
  - Proprioception (joint/muscle sense position of
  body) - Smell - Taste-Vision-Hearing
• Body scheme - Reflex maturation - Screening
  sensory input Postural security - Awareness of 2
  sides of body - Ocular motor control
• Eye-hand coordination - Motor planning - Postural
  adjustments Visual - Spatial Perception -
  Attention Center Functions
• Academic learning - Activities of Daily Living -
  Behavior

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Motor Development

• Piagets stages of development is based on a
  sensory-motor foundation
• Typical sensorimotor skill acquisition combines
  stimuli and responses from the sensory systems
  and the motor systems
• In the first two years, motor development is
  based initially on reflex control, is modified
  over time by more mature postural reactions and
  by movement experiences, is refined by constant
  repetition, and leads ultimately to automatic
  movement

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Motor Development

• Birth to 2 months
• Physiological flexion
• Lift head and turn
• Two months
• Less flexed due to gravity pull
• Pelvis and shoulders more retracted
• ATNR on back
• Three months
• Symmetrical posture, less ATNR
• Bears weight on forearms and turns head
• Feet come together in play while supine
• Four months
• Hands come together while supine
• Better head control prone
• Five months
• Body-righting reactions begin
• Shift weight onto one elbow while reaching prone
• Bring feet to hands or mouth

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Motor Development

• Six months
• Transfers objects from one hand to other
• Controlled rolling back-stomach
• Sitting, can use arms for reaching
• Seven months
• Crawl on stomach or pivot in circle
• Can rock on hands-and-knees position
• Pull up to standing
• Eight months
• Good equilibrium reactions
• Sitting to hands-and-knees position
• Creeping is possible (crawling)
• Falls to sit down
• Nine months
• Long-sitting tailor-sitting W-sitting
• Half-kneeling to transition from sitting to
  standing

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Motor Development

• Ten months
• Cruises
• Can lower self from standing
• Eleven months
• Squatting
• Cruise between pieces of furniture
• Twelve months
• No support needed to stand
• May take first steps
• Twelve to eighteen months
• Walking begins

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Terminology

• abduction, away from body
• accommodation, adjustment
• adduction, towards body
• aerobic, with oxygen
• akinesia, lack of movement
• anoxia, total lack of oxygen
• antecedent, forerunner
• asymmetrical, unequal sides
• ataxia, lack of coordination
• athetosis, cerebral palsy

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Terminology

• atrophy, wasting
• atony, lack of muscle tone
• bilateral, both sides
• degenerative, worsening
• distal, farthest, further away from any point of
  reference
• dyskinesia, jerky movements
• dysphagia, difficulty in swallowing
• dystonia, muscle disorders
• dystrophy, growth failure in tissue
• extremity, a limb an arm or leg

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Terminology

• extension, lengthening of muscle to move
  extremity away from ones body
• external rotation, turning of joint away from
  body
• fibrosis, the formation of fibrous tissue
• flaccid, weak, lax and soft
• flexion, shortening of muscle to pull extremity
  towards ones body
• hemiplegia, paralysis of one side of the body
• hydrocephalus, accumulation of cerebrospinal
  fluid within the skull
• hypertonia, increased rigidity, tension and
  spasticity of the muscles
• hypotonia, a condition of diminished tone of the
  skeletal muscles
• internal rotation, turning of joint towards body

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Terminology

• lateral, denoting a position farther from the
  midline of the body or of a structure
• medial, inward towards midline of body
• mobility, capability of movement, of being moved,
  or of flowing freely
• motor, a muscle, nerve, or center that effects or
  produces movement
• myalgia, pain in a muscle or muscles
• myopathy, any disease of a muscle
• neuromuscular, pertaining to muscles and nerves
• obligatory, expected response
• paralysis, loss or impairment of motor function
  in a part due to lesion of the neural or muscular
  mechanism
• paraplegia, paralysis of the legs and lower part
  of the body

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Terminology

• paresis, slight or incomplete paralysis
• perception, the conscious mental registration of
  a sensory stimulus
• posterior, situated in back or dorsal surface of
  the body
• postural, pertaining to posture or position
• prosthesis , an artificial substitute for a
  missing body part, such as an arm or leg, eye or
  tooth, used for functional or cosmetic reasons,
  or both
• proximal, nearest closer to any point of
  reference
• prone, the state of being positioned on the
  stomach or front surface
• quadriplegia, paralysis of all four extremities
• reflex, involuntary movement
• rigidity, stiffness or inflexibility
• sensory, pertaining to or subserving sensation

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Terminology

• spasm, a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction
  of a muscle or a group of muscles
• spastic, hypertonic, so that the muscles are
  stiff and the movements awkward
• spasticity, a state of hypertonicity
• stability, resistance to change
• supine, the state of being positioned on the back
  or back surface
• symmetrical, equal sides
• syndrome, a set of symptoms which occur together
• tonic, producing and restoring the normal tone
• unilateral, one side only
• vestibular, pertaining to or toward a vestibule

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Motor Analysis

• Describe environment - as detailed as
  Environmental Analysis assignment
• Describe positioning - How is the individual
  positioned (sitting, standing, upright, slouched,
  balanced, etc.)?
• Describe quality of movement - How would you
  describe the movement quality? Is is smooth,
  jerky, controlled, rigid, etc.?
• Analyze movement components - describe what you
  see. Is neck straight, are arms flexed, are legs
  extended?

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Motor Analysis

• Environment
• Lots of bright light, large open gym area, many
  pieces of equipment
• Sounds of other children talking/using the
  equipment
• Positioning
• standing on narrow base
• upper body supported
• arms bent for balance
• Quality of movement
• slow, steady stepping
• rigid upper body
• Movement components
• head slightly flexed
• shoulders raised
• elbows bent
• hands/wrist extended
• legs extended/adducted
• hips flexing with each step

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Motor Systems

• Purposes for movement
• To restore equilibrium when the body has been
  displaced in relation to gravity. These skills
  typically become automatic during the first years
  of life.
• Persons combine movement with ideas to create
  desired actions - motor planning or praxis (the
  ability to organize or conceptualize a new motor
  act).
• Increasing and refining skills

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Motor Systems

• Component parts of movement
• Reaching, grasping, manipulating, and releasing
  objects with the hand are significant components
  of the exploration process.
• Most functional tasks require a combination of
  arm and hand movement to achieve the desired
  outcome.
• Developing postural control
• Mobility

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Motor Systems

• Development of general motor control
• Cephalo-caudal
• Proximal-to-distal
• Gross-to-fine movements
• Physiological flexion to antigravity control
• Stability to mobility to skilled movement

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Motor Systems

• Characteristics of movement - relationship
  between stability and mobility
• Muscle Tone
• Physical capacity
• Postural control
• Movement characteristics
• Essential skills

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Analyzing Sensory Motor Characteristics

• Consider picture for sensory/motor analysis
  assignment - example at right
• Analyze sensory and motor characteristics
• Environment
• Positioning
• Quality of movement
• Movement components

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Sensory Imagery

• Close your eyes and relax your body.
• Think back upon a time in your past that holds
  the strongest, most vivid memories - it may be an
  event, an interaction with someone, or a simple
  occurance of little significance.
• Consider the areas of your senses that you
  remember - the smells, the looks, the sounds,
  etc.
• What were the strongest senses that you recalled?

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Westling FoxChapter 13

• Instructional programming
• Sensory Integration
• Neurodevelopmental Treatment
• Behavioral Programming Intervention
• Integrated Programming
• Classroom Support Strategies

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Westling FoxChapter 13

• Sensory Impairments
• Hearing
• Conductive
• Sensorineural
• Mixed
• Central auditory disorder
• Vision
• Functional vision
• Orientation and mobility
• Dual sensory impairments

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Mapping

• Sensory and motor processing forms basis for
  sensory-motor mapping
• Sensory systems provide the information needed to
  determine our response to the environment
• Arousing /alerting stimulation generates noticing
  behaviors
• Discriminating/mapping stimulation are organizing
  for the nervous system

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Sensory-Motor Connection

• Motor systems allow the opportunity to interact
  with the environment
• Several characteristics of atypical sensory-motor
  skills acquisition are commonly observed in
  children with multiple disabilities
• Multiplicity of needs requires creative
  intervention strategies and services
• Learning situations can be analyzed from a
  sensory-motor perspective

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Sensory-Motor Mapping
Map of environment
Interpretation of sensory input
Map of self
Plan and organize a motor response
Sensory input
Execute motor response
Environment
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Sensory Systems

• Analyzing systems
• Somatosensory system
• Proprioceptive system
• Vestibular system
• Taste or Gustatory
• Smell or Olfactory
• Hearing
• Vision

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Sensory Systems

• Measurement of stimuli
• Stimulus thresholds, ranges
• Arousal, alerting, unpredictable stimuli
• Discriminating, mapping, calming, predictable
  stimuli

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Somatosensory System

• Responds to touch input through receptors on the
  surface of the skin
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Proprioceptive System

• Responds to repositioning of body parts through
  receptors which are housed in the muscles,
  joints, and surrounding tissues.
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Vestibular System

• Responds to any head position or movement through
  receptors located in the inner ear.
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Gustatory System

• Responds to tastes through chemical receptors in
  the mouth, especially in taste buds on the
  tongue.
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Olfactory System

• Responds to smells through chemical receptors in
  the nasal cavity
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Auditory System

• Responds to movement of sound waves in the middle
  and inner ear through receptors housed in the
  inner ear.
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Visual System

• Respond to light, dark, and color stimuli through
  receptors located in the eyeball.
• Arousing/alerting stimuli
• Discriminating/mapping stimuli

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Sensory Awareness Activity
Consider the following activity Climbing up the
stairs while eating popcorn, going to the top of
the Statue of Liberty on a breezy fall day
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• Action
• Climbing
• Object
• up the stairs while eating popcorn
• Environment
• going to the top of the Statue of Liberty
• Condition
• on a breezy fall day

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• Tactile
• holding on the the railing, stepping on cement
• feel of breeze while people pass and when outside
• Vestibular
• continuous stepping, gradual rise of body on
  stairwell
• response to being at a high elevation, dizzyness
• Proprioceptive
• pressure on feet, knees, hips
• force of stepping on spine
• Visual
• gray walls rotating with each level of stairs,
  people moving
• looking down from the top of the structure
• Auditory
• sounds of stepping, people visiting
• wind blowing at the top of the structure
• Olfactory
• smells of people passing and interior of
  stairwell
• smell of food
• Gustatory

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Sensory Characteristics

• Consider one case
• Select routine activity
• Complete sensory characteristics form

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Sensory Lab
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Sensory Awareness Activity
Consider the following activity Climbing up the
stairs while eating popcorn, going to the top of
the Statue of Liberty on a breezy fall day
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• Action
• Climbing
• Object
• up the stairs while eating popcorn
• Environment
• going to the top of the Statue of Liberty
• Condition
• on a breezy fall day

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• Tactile
• holding on the the railing, stepping on cement
• feel of breeze while people pass and when outside
• Vestibular
• continuous stepping, gradual rise of body on
  stairwell
• response to being at a high elevation, dizzyness
• Proprioceptive
• pressure on feet, knees, hips
• force of stepping on spine
• Visual
• gray walls rotating with each level of stairs,
  people moving
• looking down from the top of the structure
• Auditory
• sounds of stepping, people visiting
• wind blowing at the top of the structure
• Olfactory
• smells of people passing and interior of
  stairwell
• smell of food
• Gustatory

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Sensory Characteristics

• Somatosensory
• light touch
• pain
• temperature
• touch
• variable
• duration of stimulus
• body surface contact
• predictable
• non-predictable

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Sensory Characteristics

• Vestibular
• head position change
• speed change
• direction change
• rotary head movement
• linear head movement
• repetitive head movement - rhythmic
• predictable
• non-predictable

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Sensory Characteristics

• Proprioceptive
• quick stretch stimulus
• sustained tension stimulus
• shifting muscle tension

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Sensory Characteristics

• Visual
• high intensity
• low intensity
• high contrast
• high similarity
• competitive
• variable
• predictable
• non-predictable

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Sensory Characteristics

• Auditory
• rhythmic
• variable
• constant
• competitive
• non-competitive
• loud
• soft
• predictable
• non-predictable

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Sensory Characteristics

• Olfactory/Gustatory
• mild
• strong
• predictable
• non-predictable

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Motor Characteristics

• Muscle tone
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
• Other pattern
• Reflexive patterns

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Motor Characteristics

• Physical capacity
• Strength
• Endurance
• Range of motion
• Structural limitations

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Motor Characteristics

• Postural control
• Accomplishes alignment
• Maintains alignment
• Adaptability

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Motor Characteristics

• Movement characteristics
• Efficient
• Effortful but functional
• Ineffective
• Use of compensatory actions

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Motor Characteristics

• Essential skills
• Looking
• Vocalizing
• Reaching
• Manipulating

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Sensory/Motor Analysis

• Picture of yourself doing an activity
• Describe the sensory characteristics of the
  environment
• Describe the motor characteristics of the
  individual performing the activity