HETNETs 05 Tutorial T04 IP Networking and Future Internet

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HET-NETs 05 Tutorial T04IP Networking and
Future Internet

• Dr Zhili SUN, Reader
• Centre for Communication Systems Research
• School of Electronics and Physical Sciences
• University of Surrey
• Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH
• Tel [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Email Z.Sun_at_surrey.ac.uk

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Contents

• Network technologies and services
• Convergence of network technologies and services
• Future internet requirements
• Economics of the Internet
• Evolution of Internet from IPv4 to IPv6
• Summary

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Network Technologies

• Access technologies
• Fixed line (optical, cable twisted pairs)
• Wireless Mobile networks
• Satellite networks
• Protocols in core networks
• Broadband networks
• Next Generation Networks
• Backbone transmission
• Photonic switch
• Fibre optical channels and transmission

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Network Services

• Telecommunication services
• Telephone, fax, video conference, .
• Internet services
• Email, WWW, FTP, VoIP, peer-to-peer
• Broadcast services
• TV, radio, entertainment (video on demand, game),
  
• New services
• Location based, Context awareness, Sensor
  applications

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Convergence of Services and Technologies
Email File transfer WWW VoIP Audio Video E-Co
mmerce Games
IP
LAN, WLAN MAN, WAN, ISDN, ATM SDH, GSM, UMTS,
FTTX PC, PDA, Smartphone, GPS, sensor
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Integration of Terminals and Networks

• Integration of terminals
• Telephones and computers telephones become
  smaller and wireless/mobile
• It is the same for computers
• Integration of networks
• Personal area network (PAN) Bluetooth, infrared,
  
• LANs and wireless LANs
• WAN and mobile networks
• Satellite networks
• All towards IP or next generation IP (NGI)

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Issues in the Current Internet Protocol

• Problem related to the scale of the Internet
• Funding from companies and Government agencies
  tend to fund project impact the Internet
• Researchers using the Internet have immediate
  motivation to solve problem that will improve
  services and functionalities, which may beyond
  the original design of the IP protocols.
• IP protocols and technologies continue to evolve.

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Extensions to the Original Internet

• Integrated service (InteServ)
• Differentiated service (DiffServ)
• IP security (IPsec)
• Firewall
• Mobile IP
• Network address translation
• Multi-protocol label switch (MPLS)
• Virtual private network (VPN)
• Web cashes
• TCP extension for wireless and satellite networks

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The Original Internet Requirements

• Internetworking existing networks must be
  interconnected
• Robustness communication must continue despite
  loss of net works or routers
• Heterogeneity the Internet architecture must
  permit distributed management of its resources
• Cost it must be cost effective
• Ease of attachment it must permit host
  attachment with a low level of effort
• Accountability the resources used in the
  internet architecture must be accountable.

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Changing Requirements

• New computer and communication technologies High
  speed computers, Broadband networks, Different
  technologies (LANs, wireless LANs, PAN, Optical,
  satellite, mobile, )
• New applications multimedia, point-to-point,
  point-to-multipoint. Real time and non-real-time.
• Increase in size and load from academics and
  scientists to general public, from text to images
  and real time video, and new automated search
  tools.
• New policies need to be flexible to accommodate
  new policies from administrative authorities.

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New Additional Requirements

• Mobility it should support flexible, efficient
  and high-dynamic mobility
• Policy-driven auto-configuration it should
  provide auto-configuration of end systems and
  routers, subject to policy and administration
  constrains.
• Highly time-variable resources it should support
  resources that highly variable over shout time
  (for examples due to switched backbone or mobile
  terminals)
• Allocation of bandwidth it should give users and
  network administrators flexibilities to allocate
  capacity among users and applications.
• High bandwidth-delay product it should be able
  to deal with long propagation and/or high
  bandwidth networks.

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Economics of the Internet

• Tradition model of the Internet is a simple one
  the user pays a single fee (e.g. a monthly flat
  fee) and expects in return to get access to all
  the applications and services (email, web, ).
• VoIP model it can have flat fees or per-minute
  fees
• Games model sell of software (or free) and run a
  server a a part of the products
• Bart model on which peer-to-peer is based on
  (share music or other information)
• Most Internet applications dont have a built-in
  model of cost recovery, commercialisation, or
  profit, but try to recover from selling
  advertisement, servers, .

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IPv6 Evolution

• Global reachability
• No hidden networks and hosts
• All hosts can be server, reachable by outsides
• end-to-end security
• Flexible addressing
• Multiple levels of hierarchy in the address space
• Auto-configuration
• 64 bits link-address encapsulation into the
  unique address, plug play
• Aggregation, multi-homing
• renumbering

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Features of IPv6 Datagram

• IP header contains less fields that enable
  efficient routing, performance
• Extensibility of header offers better options
• Flow label gives efficient processing of IP
  datagram
• Mandatory features (RFC2460, Internet protocol
  Version 6)
• Security
• Mobility
• Multicast
• Transitions

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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6

• The transition is one of the very important
  issues. Often most of the money is to put in when
  moving to next-generation networks
• Many new technologies didnt succeed because of
  the lack of transition scenarios/tools
• IPv6 was designed with transition at the
  beginning
• Allowed Dual Stack for end-systems and Tunneling
  for network integration (IPv6-only network to
  IPv4-only network)

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Dual Stack Host

• A node has both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks and
  addresses
• IPv6-enable application requests both IPv4 and
  IPv6 addresses of destination
• DNS resolver returns IPv6, IPv4 or both addresses
  to application
• IPv6/IPv4 applications choose the address and
  then can communicate
• With IPv4 nodes via IPv4
• with IPv6 nodes via IPv6

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Tunneling IPv6 in IPv4

• IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4 with protocol
  identifier 41
• Many topologies possible including Router to
  router, Host to router and Host to host
• The tunnel endpoints take care of the
  encapsulation. This process is transparent for
  the intermediate nodes
• Tunneling is most vital transition mechanisms

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Example Host to Router
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Example Router to Router
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6to4 Translation

• Interconnection of isolated IPv6 domains over an
  IPv4 network
• Automatic establishment of the tunnel
• No explicit tunnels
• By embedding the IPv4 destination address in
  the IPv6 address
• Under the 2002/16 reserved prefix. (2002/16
  6to4)
• Gives a full /48 to a site based on its external
  IPv4 address
• IPv4 external address embedded 2002ltipv4
  ext addressgt/48
• Format 2002ltipv4addgtltsubnetgt/64

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6to4 Example
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6to4 Host to Network
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Applications in IPv6 Transition

• IPv6 addressing is a key to new applications
• Applications in transition require a
  protocol-independent API

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Problems with IPv6 Transition

• IPv6 support in the Operating System (OS) and
  applications are unrelated.
• Dual stack doesnt mean having both IPv4 and IPv6
  applications.
• DNS doesnt indicate which IP version to be used
• Supporting many versions of applications is
  difficult

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Application Transition Guidelines

• IPv4 apps in a dual stack node
• The first priority is to port apps to IPv6
• IPv6 apps in a dual stack node
• IPv4-mapped IPv6 address - FFFFx.y.z.w to make
  IPv4 apps work in IPv6 dual stack
• IPv4/IPv6 apps in a dual stack node
• A protocol-independent API
• IPv4/IPv6 apps in an IPv4-only node
• Case-by-case judge. Depend on apps/OS support

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References

• RFC2529, Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains
  without Explicit Tunnels, B. Carpenter, C. Jung,
  IETF.
• RFC2766, Network Address Translation - Protocol
  Translation (NAT-PT), G. Tsirtsis, P. Srisuresh,
  IETF.
• RFC2767, Dual Stack Hosts using the
  "Bump-In-the-Stack" Technique (BIS), K.Tsuchiya,
  H. Higuchi, Y. Atarashi, IETF, 2000-02-01.
• RFC2893, Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and
  Routers, R. Gilligan, E.Nordmark, 2000-08-01.

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Summary

• Network technologies and services
• Convergence of network technologies and services
• Future internet requirements
• Economics of the Internet
• Evolution of Internet from IPv4 to IPv6

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Future Developments

• Symbian Operating systems (OS) and Smartphone
  Development Platform,
• Programming of computer and mobile terminals, IP
  networks, new applications and services
• Hand-on exercises

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Any Questions?Thank you.