Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy

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Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy
G. Tyler Millers Living in the Environment 13th
Edition Chapter 3
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Key Concepts

• Science as a process for understanding

• Components and regulation of systems

• Matter forms, quality, and how it changes
  laws of matter

• Energy forms, quality, and how it changes
  laws of energy

• Nuclear changes and radioactivity

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Science, and Critical Thinking

• Scientific data

• Scientific hypotheses

• Scientific (natural) laws

• Scientific theories

• Consensus science

• Frontier science

Fig. 3-2 p. 41
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Models and Behavior of Systems

• Inputs

• Flows (throughputs)

• Stores (storage areas)

• Outputs

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System Regulation

• Positive Feedback

• Homeostasis

• Negative Feedback

• Time Delay

• Synergy

Fig. 3-3 p. 46
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Matter Forms, Structure, and Quality

• Elements

• Compounds

• Molecules

• Mixtures

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Atoms
Subatomic Particles

• Protons

• Neutrons

• Electrons

Atomic Characteristics

• Atomic number

• Ions

• Atomic mass

• Isotopes

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Examples of Atoms
Fig. 3-4 p. 48
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Chemical Bonds

• Chemical formulas

• Ionic bonds

• Covalent bonds

• Hydrogen bonds

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Organic Compounds

• Organic vs. inorganic compounds

• Hydrocarbons

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons

• Chlorofluorocarbons

• Simple carbohydrates

• Complex carbohydrates

• Proteins

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Genetic Material

• Nucleic acids

• Genes

• Gene mutations

• Chromosomes

Fig. 3-6 p. 50
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The Four States of Matter

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

• Plasma

Fig. 3-7 p. 50
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Matter Quality and Material Efficiency

• High-quality matter

• Low-quality matter

• Entropy

• Material efficiency(resource productivity)

Fig. 3-8 p. 51
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Energy Forms

• Kinetic energy

• Potential energy

• Heat

Fig. 3-9 p. 52
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Transfer of Heat Energy
Fig. 3-11 p. 553
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Energy Quality

• High-quality energy

• Low-quality energy

Fig. 3-12 p. 53
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Physical and Chemical Changes
Fig. In text p. 54
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The Law of Conservation of Matter

• Matter is not consumed

• Matter only changes form

• There is no away

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Matter and Pollution

• Chemical nature of pollutants

• Concentration

• Persistence

• Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants

• Biodegradable pollutants

• Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants

• Nondegradable pollutants

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Nuclear Changes

• Natural radioactive decay

• Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)

• Gamma rays

• Alpha particles

• Beta particles

• Half life (See Table 3-2 p. 56)

• Ionizing radiation

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Nuclear Reactions
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Laws Governing Energy Changes
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

• Energy only changes form

• You cant get something for nothing

ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT
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Laws Governing Energy Changes
Second Law of Thermodynamics

• In every transformation, some energy is converted
  to heat

• You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

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Connections Matter and Energy Laws and
Environmental Problems

• High-throughput (waste) economy

• Matter-recycling economy

• Low-throughputeconomy

Fig. 3-20 p. 60 see Fig. 3-21 p. 61