Morphology

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• Morphology
• Mrs. Veena Dixit
• 19/10/04

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• Saussures Diactomy
• Paradigmatic VS. Syntagmatic
• Paradigmatic relations determine (optimally)
  correct one out of possible alternatives.
• (Ram / Ramsin Ram / Rams hand)
• (rAma / rAma ne / rAma koin rAma ne / rAma
  ko pAnI piyA.)
• Syntagmatic relations determine combination of
  units to create meaning. (Rams hand) (rAma ne
  pAnI piyA.)

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• Paradigm (WordNet 2.0)
• 1. paradigmIt is a systematic arrangement of all
  the inflected forms of a word.
• 2. prototype, paradigm, epitome, image It is a
  standard or typical example
• 3. substitution class, paradigm It is the class
  of all items that can be substituted into the
  same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence
  (are in paradigmatic relation with one another.
• 4. paradigm It refers to the generally accepted
  perspective of a particular discipline at a given
  time
• Order of a paradigm refers to the number and the
  behavior of members in the paradigm.

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• How to determine what signs belong within the
  paradigm?
• The ideological closure suggested by the signs
  in the message can be examined by judging how the
  message would differ if another were chosen from
  the relevant paradigm.
• (Ram / Seeta drank water / milk.) / (rAma / sIwA
  ne pAnI / xUXa piyA / PekA. pAnI ne rAma piyA)
• Any member of the paradigm serves as a model for
  others.
• Members (forms) can be derived progressively
  from a root by generalized rules.
• ( Ram, Rams / rAma, rAma ke, rAma ke liye)

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• A paradigm is a set of signs, and a syntagm is a
  new sign that has been constructed by combining
  the signs in the paradigm under the guidance of a
  code.
• rAma / rAma ne / rAma ne pAnI /..
• A collection of syntagms formed from one paradigm
  can themselves in turn become a paradigm. This
  happens in languages. The alphabet is the
  paradigm from which the syntagms of words are
  formed. In turn, the set of words become the
  paradigm from which sentences are formed.

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• Paradigm Syntagmem
• Discrete elements.
  Set of linear combination
• 
  of related
  units.
• Opposites- It is distinction made
  Contrasts- It is distinction
• within paradigm.
  made within syntagm.
  
• (distinction refers to linguistically
  relevant physical difference)
• It is a set of inflectional forms
  It is thought of interlinked in
• built on a single stem.
  linear order in time-space
• (rAma / rAma ne /rAma ko)
  (rAma ne pAnI piyA.)
  
  
• Relation in absentia
  Relation in presentia
• Heterogeneous
  Homogeneous
• Idea of class
  Idea of function
• Function of a unit is determined by
  its relation with others.
• Fillers
  Slots

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• Some Theories
• Theory of Optimality
• (Alan Prince)
• Natural Morphology
• (Dressler)
• Whole word Morphology
• (Rajendra Singh)

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• THANK YOU.
• MRS. VEENA DIXIT