Aerospace Dimensions Module 2 Aircraft Systems

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Aerospace Dimensions Module 2Aircraft Systems
Airports
Aerospace For Cadets

• Airplane Systems
• Combustion
• Reciprocating Aircraft Engines
• Jet (Turbine) Engines
• Controls Instruments
• Airports
• Layout, Signs Makings
• FAA
• Flight Profile
• Phonetic Alphabet
• Aeronautical Charts
• Sectional Charts, Legend, Features
• Airport Information
• Latitude Longitude

Rev. 0 Feb 2009 Bruce Bream, LtCol. / CAP Eagle
Composite Squadron Ohio Wing Civil Air Patrol
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Introduction

• Airplane Systems Learning Outcomes
• Reciprocating Aircraft Engine Operation
• Recognize Engine Parts
• Jet (Turbine) Engine Operation
• Cockpit Powerplant Controls
• Flight Instruments

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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Combustion

• Combustion
• Atomize the fuel ? Add an oxygen ? Then a spark
• Chemical process ? Mechanical energy
• Fuel AvGas or Jet fuel carried in aircraft
  tanks
• Oxidizer Air (21 oxygen)
• Fuel to Air Mixture Ratio
• Rich More fuel than air
• Stoichiometric ratio (STO-kee-oh-met-rik)
• Mixture Ratio that uses ALL the Fuel and Oxidizer
• Mixture changes with altitude to get same mixture
  ratio
• Thinner air has less oxygen content
• Ignition
• Spark plug run by high voltage from a magneto
• Combustion is just one part of an engine cycle

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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
Brought to you by INTERNAL Combustion

• Reciprocating Engine
• Engine parts reciprocate
• Move back and forth
• Combustion chamber
• Piston stroke in the cylinder
• 4-Stroke Operating Cycle
• Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust
• Magneto Spark plugs
• Ignite fuel and air in the cylinder
• Air and oil cooled

rpm revolutions per minute
Lets look at some airplane engine parts
Animation Credit httpwww.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/
airplane/engopt.html
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
Animation Credit http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int
ernal_combustion_engine
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines

• Carburetor
• Mixes fuel and air for a reciprocating engine
• Venturi uses the Bernoulli Principle
• Drops pressure to mix and vaporize fuel

Usually found on the bottom of the engine
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines

• Turbine (Jet) Engine
• Continuous Combustion Cycle
• Everything rotates around and flows along the
  centerline shaft

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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
GE-90 Turbofan - Engine Inlet inspection -
115,000 lb thrust - 451 compression - 660 psi
to combustor - Weights 18,260 lbs - 3,000
lbs/sec air flow - Fan turns at 2,500 rpm
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems -
Instrumentation
Flight Instruments
Typical General Aviation Aircraft Instrumentation
(pre-glass panel)
Engine Instruments
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Tachometer (rpm)
Manifold Pressure
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems -
Instrumentation
Gyroscopic Instruments
Attitude Indicator (artificial horizon)
Spinning gyro rotor provides stable reference in
space
Heading Indicator (stabilized compass)
Turn Coordinator (rate of turn) Also Skid/Slip
Ball
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Instrumentation

• Pitot/Static System Instruments
• Standard Pressure
• 29.92 Hg (English) 1013.2 millibars (Metric)
• Pressure drops with altitude
• 1 inch per 1000 feet
• Instruments use two air probes

Airspeed Indicator (pitot to static)
Altimeter (static pressure)
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) (static rate)
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Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Engine
Controls

• Throttle quadrant

Propeller RPM (Constant pitch propellers)
Throttle
Mixture Ratio
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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Overview

• Airports Learning Outcomes
• Role of the FAA
• Flight Profile
• GA Airport Layout
• Taxiway Runway Signs Markings
• Phonetic Alphabet

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Aerospace Dimensions Airports FAA

• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
• Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
• Regulate air transportation
• Standards for Aircraft and Airports
• Pilot certification
• Air Traffic Control (ATC)
• In-flight
• Towered Airports

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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Flight Profile

• Cruise

• Descent
• Approach to landing

• Takeoff
• Climb

• Landing
• Taxi
• Shut down

• Preflight
• (VFR IFR)
• Taxi

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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Airport Rotating Beacons
Water Airport White / Yellow
Public Airport White / Green
Heliport White / Green / Yellow
Military Airfield White / White / Green
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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Approach Flight Path Guidance Lighting
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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Signs
Location Signs
Direction Destination Signs
Mandatory Signs
Remaining runway In 1,000s of feet
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ILS
Information Signs
UNICOM 122.9
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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Runway Taxiway
Markings
18 L
Visual Runway
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Non-Precision Approach
A
9-27
A
9-27?
B
18R-36L?

• Runway Number
• Magnetic Heading
• 2 digits
• Degrees / 10

36 R
Ramp
36L-18R
B
Precision Approach
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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Runway Lighting

• Runway
• Edge
• Lights
• White in
• Red out

Taxiway Edge Lights Blue
Centerline In-Runway Lights White

• Runway End
• Identification Lights
• (REIL)
• Strobes

• Runway Threshold Lights
• Green facing approach
• Red facing runway

Approach Lighting System (ALS)
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Aerospace Dimensions Airports Phonetic
Alphabet
A Alpha (Al fah) B Bravo (Brah voh) C Charlie (Cha
r lee) D Delta (Dell tah) E Echo (Eck-oh) F Foxtro
t (Foks trot) G Golf (Golf) H Hotel (Hoh
tell) I India (In dee ah) J Juliet (Joo lee
ett) K Kilo (Kee loh) L Lima (Lee
mah) M Mike (Mike)
N November (No vem ber) O Oscar (Oss
cah) P Papa (Pah pah) Q Quebec (Keh
beck) R Romeo (Row me oh) S Sierra (See air
rah) T Tango (Tang go) U Uniform (U nee
form) V Victor (Vik tah) W Whiskey (Wiss
kee) X X-Ray (Ecks ray) Y Yankee (Yang
kee) Z Zulu (Zoo loo)

• 1 Wun
• 2 Too
• 3 Tree
• 4 Fo-wer
• 5 Fife
• 6 Six
• 7 Seven
• 8 Ate
• Niner
• 0 Zero

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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Introduction

• Aeronautical Charts Learning Outcomes
• Sectional Chart Layout
• Chart Legend
• Reading Latitude and Longitude
• Identify Features
• Read Airport Information

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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Deg,
Min, Sec
N 0

• 360 degrees in a circle
• 60 minutes in a degree
• 60 seconds in a minute
• Degrees Minutes Seconds "

E 90
W 270
60 seconds
1 minute
S 180
60 minutes
1 degree
Q How many seconds in a degree?
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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Latitude Longitude

• Parallels of Latitude
• Measured from Equator
• 0 to 90 degrees North and South

90 N North Pole
60 N
30 N
0 Equator
30 S
60 S
90 S South Pole

• Meridians of Longitude
• Measured from Prime Meridian
• 0 to 180 degrees East and West
• Converge at poles

N
0
Measured in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds 1 degree
60 minutes 1 minute 60 seconds
90 E
90 W
S
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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Map
Coordinates
40 degrees 30 minutes North Latitude
40 degrees North Latitude
Prime Meridian is 0 Longitude
Longitude measured from Prime Meridian
85 degrees West Longitude
84 degrees 30 minutes West Longitude
Latitude measured from Equator
Equator is 0 Latitude
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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Distance Speed
1 Nautical Mile 6,076 feet
1 Nautical Mile (nm) 6076 feet 1 minute of
longitude at the equator 1 Statue Mile (sm)
5,280 feet
1 Statute Mile 5,280 feet
Conversion factor 1 nm 1.15 sm Example 25
nm 28.7 sm
Sectional chart 1500,000 inches or 1 8
nm Knot 1 nm per hour (Measures speed) 100
knots 115 mph
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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Sectionals
Sectional Aeronautical Charts

• Sectional chart scale 1500,000 inches
• 1 on the chart 8 nm on the ground
• Each chart covers 8 of Longitude and 4 of
  Latitude
• Named after a city on the chart

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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Legend
Navigation Aids
Towers
Airports
Cities
Wildlife refuges
Water
ATC Airspace
Railroad
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Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Airport Info
Uncontrolled Airport - MAGENTA
Control Tower Airport - BLUE
CUYAHOGA CO Airport Name (CGF) ICAO Airport
Identifier CT - 118.5 Control Tower Frequency
( means not 24hr) 879 Elevation in feet MSL L
Lighted runway ( with some limitations) 51
Length of longest runway in hundreds of
feet 122.95 Unicom for FBO
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Questions?