Your name Your qualifications

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Your name Your qualifications
Plagiarism and Harvard Referencing
Your job title
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Aims of this session

• To explain the different types of plagiarism
• To demonstrate how not to plagiarise
• Introduce you to citing items in your essay
• Demonstrate how to create a reference list

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Plagiarism what is it?

• Plagiarism is when you copy someone elses work
  or use their ideas in your essay, course work,
  thesis etc, and then do not acknowledge that you
  have done this.
• Definition
• The wrongful appropriation or purloining, and
  publication as ones own, of the ideas, or the
  expression of the idea (literary, artistic,
  musical, mechanical, etc) of another.
• Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed, (1989)
  Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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Why you should not plagiarise!

• Every discovery builds on a framework of
  existing knowledge. You must therefore read
  literature and understand whats gone before. But
  you cant steal other peoples words or ideas.
  Correct acknowledgment of your sources is key.
•   Learning how to make proper and responsible
  use of other peoples work is the heart of
  academic life.'
• Pyper H. (2000) Avoiding plagiarism advice for
  students. Leeds, School of Theology and Religious
  Studies, University of Leeds.

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Why you should not plagiarise!

• If you do not acknowledge another writers work
  or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism. If
  you are found to have plagiarised with intent
  you are cheating. This could lead to you having
  an assignment marked as a fail or even to
  exclusion from the university

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Types of plagiarism

• There are many different ways to plagiarise but
  the most common ones are
• Collusion
• If another student allows you to copy their work
  and you then present the work as your own, you
  are deliberately trying to deceive the lecturer
  who is marking your work. This is known as
  collusion.
•  

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Copy and paste

• This is when you copy a piece of work from the
  internet, an electronic book or journal or word
  document and paste it into your assignment
  without acknowledging the source. If you copy and
  paste work you should always use quotation marks
  and reference it appropriately.

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Word switch

• If you copy a sentence or paragraph into your
  assignment and change a few words it will still
  be classed as plagiarism. It is better to
  paraphrase than to quote wherever possible. If
  you copy a phrase you should copy it word for
  word and use quotation marks and reference it
  appropriately.

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Misinterpreting common knowledge

• Common knowledge is information which is
• well known to all in a particular field
• easily verified by consulting standard textbooks
  or encyclopaedias such as undisputed historical
  facts or well known formulas or equations
• Examples
• Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603
• Charles Dickens is the author of A Christmas
• Carol

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Common knowledge

• Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603. Elizabeth kept
  the last letter that Leicester wrote to her by
  her bedside.

Not common knowledge
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Concealing sources

• If you have cited a piece of work from a text
  this does not mean you do not have to reference
  any other text you refer to from that work. No
  matter how many times you refer back to the text
  you must acknowledge the source, even if it is in
  the very next paragraph.

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Self plagiarism

• Self plagiarism is when you re-use your own
  previously
• written work or data in a new assignment and do
  not
• reference it appropriately. This could be
  conceived as
• deceiving your lecturer.
• Things to remember!
• If you use material from a previous assignment
  you must reference it appropriately
• Never use the same essay for different lecturers
• If re-sitting a course do not submit the same
  essay

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You can avoid plagiarism by

• Paraphrasing
• Quoting
• Referencing Citing
• An anti-plagiarism plan
• More detailed information can be found on Olivia
  Unit 7

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Paraphrasing

• What is it?
• Paraphrasing is when you read a piece of
  work and then rewrite it in your own words while
  retaining the flavour and ideas of the
  original text. Paraphrasing demonstrates that you
  have understood the academic context of the piece
  and allows you to support your argument.

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Quoting

• Quoting is when you use the exact words of an
  author in your assignment.
• Quotations help support your arguments and help
  to reinforce or raise a new point.
• According to a survey carried out by FreshMinds
  one in four students admitted to plagiarising
  work. Batty (2004 p2)

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Referencing and citing

• It is very important that you reference and
  cite your work properly. If you do reference your
  work correctly you can help increase your marks
  and avoid being accused of plagiarism.

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Summary

• Dont forget
• to paraphrase.
• if you quote text, indicate what is quoted and
  where it comes form
• if you use ideas or any other intellectual
  property belonging to someone else, acknowledge
  your source
• if the facts are common knowledge there is no
  need to provide a citation but if you are in any
  doubt it is better to be safe and cite our source
  

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Referencing

• What is it?
• Why do it?
• How to do it!

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What is it?

• Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you
  have used ideas and written material belonging to
  another author.

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Why do it?

• It demonstrates that you have undertaken a
  literature search and that you have carried out
  appropriate reading.
• If you do not acknowledge another writers work or
  ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism.
• Good, consistent referencing helps improve your
  assessment grade!

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How to do it!

• We are going to use the Harvard method of
  citation.
• You need to reference
• Books
• Journal articles
• Electronic journal articles
• World-wide-web pages
• Video, films, CD-ROMs audio tape recordings

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How to do it!

• Newspapers
• Pamphlets
• Radio / TV broadcasts
• Interviews

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Citing in the text

• When you have used an idea from a book, journal
  article etc, you must acknowledge this in your
  text. We refer to this as 'citing'.
• If you are citing a piece of work you must always
  state the author / editor and the date of
  publication. If the work has two authors /
  editors you must cite both names.

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Citing in the text
One author

• Example
• The work of Smith (2001) emphasised that the
  research done by Holstein was in direct conflict
  of that produced by Greene. However, Theakston
  Boddington (2001) consider that

Two authors
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Citing in the text

• If the work has three or more authors / editors
  the abbreviation et al should be used after the
  first authors name.
• Example
• The work of Smith et al (2001) emphasises that
  the research done by Holstein was in direct
  conflict of that produced by Greene.

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Citing in the text

• If you reference an item which has the same
  author and was written in the same year as an
  earlier citation you must use a lower case letter
  after the date to differentiate between the two.
•  

Example The work of Smith (2001a) emphasises
that the research done by Holstein was in direct
conflict of that produced by Greene.
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Citing from chapters written by different authors

•  
• Some books may contain chapters written by
  different authors. When citing work from such a
  book, the author who wrote the chapter should be
  cited, not the editor of the book.

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Secondary referencing

• Second hand references are when an author refers
  to another authors work and the primary source
  is not available. When citing such work the
  author of the primary source and the author of
  the work it was cited in should be used.
•  

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Secondary referencing

• Example
• Ellis (1990) cited by Cox (1991) discusses
• NB Secondary referencing should be avoided if
  possible.

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Quoting in the text

• Often is better to paraphrase (and thus show
  your skills of interpretation and understanding),
  than to use direct quotes. If a direct quote from
  a book, article etc is used you must
• Use single quotation marks, (double quotation
  marks are usually used for quoting direct
  speech).
• State the page number.
•  
• Example
• Simpson (2002p6) declared that the explosive
• behaviour was unexpected.

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Quoting in the text

• Have a separate, indented paragraph for quotes
  over two lines.
• Example
• Boden (1998p72) states
• The most common female crime prosecuted at
  the Quarter Sessions was that of battering
  men. This would suggest that women were not
  the passive and obedient members of society
  that men would have liked to believe they
  were.

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Quoting in the text

• Part of the original text may be omitted from the
  quotation as long as three dots are used to
  indicate this.
•  
• Example
• Boden (1998p72) states
• The most common female crime prosecuted
  at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering
  men women beating or dominating a man was
  a particularly sensitive issue as it threatened
  the perpetuation of the patriarchal society

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Quoting in the text

•  
• Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc,
  should be treated as direct quotes in that the
  author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers
  shown.

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Citing and quoting from multi-media and Online
Resources

• Electronic journal (e-journals) articles
• When citing from an e-journal article it should
  be treated in the same way as a paper journal,
  using the authors surname and the publication
  date.
•  World Wide Web (WWW)
• If the web site has an obvious author and date of
  publication, the information should be cited like
  a book or journal article
• If there is not an obvious author, but the work
  is situated on an organisational web site the
  organisation can be used as a corporate author

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Citing and quoting from multi-media and Online
Resources

• Example
• The Department of Health (2001)
•  
• If there is no author or corporate author use
  the title of the document as the main point of
  reference.

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Citing and quoting from multi-media and Online
Resources

• CD-ROMs
• If there is not an obvious author use the title
  of the CD-ROM as the main point of reference
•  
• Example
• Encyclopaedia Britannica (2001)

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Citing and quoting from multi-media and Online
Resources

• Multimedia
• If a video recording or audio-cassette is cited,
  the series title should be used as the author.
•  
• Example
• World in Action (2002)

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Reference list bibliography

• At the end of your assignment you must put a
  reference list and a bibliography.

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Reference list

• This is a list of all the sources that have been
  cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive
  showing books, journals etc listed in one list,
  not in separate lists according to source type.
• The list should be in alphabetical order by
  author / editor.
• Books, paper journals articles, e-journal
  articles etc are laid out in a particular format
  that must be followed.

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Reference list - Books

• Layout
• Author / Editor - if it is an editor always put
  (ed) after the name
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one
  place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
•  
•  

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Reference list - Books

• Example
• Autistic Association (2002) Understanding
  Autism. London, Campion.
• Kirk, J (ed) (1999) Worlds Apart. Florida,
  Enterprise.
•   Rymer, J. (2001)Nottingham Forest - Dream Team.
  London, Blackwell.
• Simpson, H. Jones, E. Miles, C. (2002)The
  History of Springfield. 2nd edition. Derby,
  Bugle press.

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Reference list Chapters in books

• Layout
• Author of the chapter
• (Year of publication)
• Title of chapter followed by, In
• Editor - always put (ed) after the name
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one
  place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
•  

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Reference list Chapters in books

• Example
• Stone, T. (2002) Libraries in the Twenty-First
  Century. In Woolley, M (Ed) The Changing
  World of Information Retrieval. Luton, UOL Press.

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Reference list Journal articles

• Layout
• Author / Editor
• (Year of publication)
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• Page numbers of the article

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Reference list Journal articles

• Example
• Picard, J. (2001) Logistics and the Borg.
  Starbug Tribune. 36, 44 49.

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Reference list e journal articles

• Layout
• Author / Editor
• (Year of publication)
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Online
• Volume number
• Part number
• Page numbers of the article
• Available from URL
• date of access

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Reference list e journal articles

• Example
• Smith, B. (1999) Time to go home. Journal of
  Hyperactivity Online 6, 122 - 3 Available
  from http//www.alu.ac.uk Accessed 6th June,
  2000.

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Reference list WWW

• Layout  
• Author / Editor
• (Year)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Online
• Available from URL
• date of access

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Reference list WWW

• Example
• Edelson, S. (no date) Aspergers Syndrome.
  Online Available from http//www.autism.org/as
  perger.html Accessed 19th September 2002.

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Reference list multi-media

• Layout
•  Video recordings Recorded from the TV
•  Example
• World in Action. (1995) All work and no play
  VideoVHS London, ITV, 21st January.
• Video recordings Commercial
• Example
• Fragile Earth, 5 (1982) South American
  WetlandPantanal. VideoVHS Henley, Watchword
  Video.

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Reference list

• Edelson, S. (no date) Asperger's Syndrome.
  Online Available from http//www.autism.org/as
  perger.html Accessed 19th September 2002.
• Picard, J. (2001) Logistics and the Borg.
  Starbug Tribune 36, 44 49.
•   Rymer, J. Smith, T. Jones. E (2001)
  Nottingham Forest - Dream Team. London,
  Blackwell.
• World in Action. (1995) All work and no play
  VideoVHS London, ITV, 21st January.

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Bibliography

• Your reference list contains all the items you
  have cited or directly quoted from. There may
  however, be items which you have used for your
  research but not cited. These can be listed at
  the end of your assignment in a bibliography.
  These items should be listed in alphabetical
  order by author and laid out in the same way as
  items in your reference list.

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Exercise - Using the following details give an
example of how you would cite this book in the
text of an essay.

Lady Jane Grey Victim or Traitor? By Samuel
Whitbread
Leeds, Woodhouse Second Edition 2001
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Answer

• Whitbread (2001) declared that .

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Exercise - Using the following details give an
example of how you would cite information from
chapter 3 Barry the Bulldog in an essay.
Contents Introduction 1.The tale of 'Jo' the
Golden Retriever Mary Spark 2. Red Setters are
beautiful but bone heads! Jane Morrison 3. Barry
the Bulldog Sam Johnson
Owners and their dogs - do they really look
alike? Edited by Jane Smith, John Jones and
Sandra Miles
Oxford Bloomings First published 2002
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Answer

• Johnson (2002) states in his chapter Barry the
  Bulldog that ...

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Exercise - Using the details below give an
example of how you would cite this book in the
text of an essay
Actors A World Apart By Diana Charles, Mary
Mahew, Sonia Clarke Jenni Curtis
Durham, Higgins and Shaw First Published 1999
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Answer

• it was claimed in the book Actors that ...
• Charles et al (1999)

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Exercise - Using the web page details below give
an example of how you would cite this information
in the text of an essay
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Answer

• Due to a new enzyme discovery there is now a
  better under standing Diabetes UK (no date)

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Exercise - Using the article Crime and the
weaker sex, give an example of how you would
cite this journal article in the text of an essay
Volume 35 Part 4
June 1999
Utopia Journal of History
James Cook 'A day in the life of a Roundhead
soldier pp 4-5 D Boden 'Crime and the 'weaker
sex' 1650 - 1670 pp 6-9 Simon De
Montfort 'Cathars' a heretic's tale pp 10-11
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Answer

• Boden (1999) states that .