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Egg quality: Chemical residues in respect to food safety

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1Department of Animal Nutrition, Centre de Mas Bov , Apartat 415, ... Teratogenic and carcinogenic, damages CNS ... Teratogenic and carcinogenic, kidney, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Egg quality: Chemical residues in respect to food safety


1
Egg quality Chemical residues in respect to
food safety
  • E. Esteve-Garcia1 and J.A. García-Regueiro2
  • 1Department of Animal Nutrition, Centre de Mas
    Bové, Apartat 415, 43280 Reus, Spain
  • 2Meat Technology Centre, Food Chemistry Unit,
    Granja Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain

2
Egg is a very valuable source of nutrients
  • Essential amino acids
  • Vitamins (except vitamin C) and other interesting
    carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin)
  • Essential minerals
  • Linoleic and linolenic acid

3
Monitoring Comission Decission
97/747/ECDirective 96/23/EC
  • Sample should allow tracking
  • Taken at farm level or at packing centre
  • 12 eggs or more
  • 1 sample per 1000 Tonnes of annual production.
    Minimum 200 samples.
  • 30 taken at packing centres

4
Monitoring Comission Decission
97/747/ECDirective 96/23/EC
  • Groups tested
  • 70 tested for groups A6, B1 and B2(b)
  • A6 pharmacologically active substances for which
    no maximum levels can be fixed (banned)
  • B1 antibacterial substances, including
    sulfonamides and quinolones
  • B2 (b ) Anticoccidials, including nitroimidazoles
  • 30 according to situation, but must include B3
    (a)
  • Organochlorine compounds, including PCBs

5
Limits
  • Drugs MRLs in Unofficial consolidated version of
    Annexes I to IV of Council Regulation 2377/90.
    Updated 22/12/2004.
  • Limits for pesticides. Directive 2002/32/CE.
  • Limits for Dioxins. Directive 2001/102/CE.

6
Undesirable (SCAN, 2003)
  • Ions or elements
  • heavy metals
  • other trace elements, coming from feeds or water
  • radionuclides
  • Mycotoxins

7
Undesirable (SCAN, 2003)
  • Other organic contaminants including
  • organochlorine compounds
  • pesticides
  • Dioxins
  • other pesticides
  • polychlorinated biphenyls
  • brominated flame retardans
  • mineral oil hydrocarbons
  • Plant and natural plant products
  • Drugs

8
Heavy metals
  • In general levels are greater in albumin

9
Lead
  • Chronic and cumulative
  • Accidental contamination
  • airborne deposition in plants.
  • Drinking water. Soft waters and leaded pipes.
  • Paints,
  • Affects enzymes, anemia, renal toxicity,
    carcinogen, cardiovascular and neurobiological
    impact
  • Levels are low in eggs (0.003 to 0.259 mg/kg in
    European surveys)
  • PTWI 0.020-0.025 mg/kg body weight

10
Mercury
  • Chronic and cumulative
  • Teratogenic and carcinogenic, damages CNS
  • Organic is more toxic.
  • Feeding seed grains treated with methylmercuric
    chloride to prevent insect infestation. 93 mg/kg
    in albumen and 5.8 mg/kg in yolk.
  • Accidental contamination in Washington State in
    1979 by mercurial fungicides. Nowadays are banned
  • Maximum EU 0.3 mg Hg/kg in calcium carbonate
  • European survey. Avg0.0013- 0.005 mg/kg. Max
    0.01 mg/kg
  • PTWI 0.005 mg/kg body weight/week.
  • lt 0.0033 mg/kg body weight/weeek as methyl
    mercury

11
Cadmium
  • Toxicity long term exposure
  • Teratogenic and carcinogenic, kidney, bones,
    neurotoxic
  • Sources plants grown in Cd rich soils,
    impurities in minerals, drinking water
  • Present in egg yolk. Transfer is low, retained in
    follicle walls.
  • Low levels in eggs in surveys (0.001-0.01 mg/kg).
  • PTWI 0.42 mg/person/week

12
Arsenic
  • Skin lesions and neurological effects
  • Water, arsenicals (discontinued), pesticides
  • As3 more toxic than As5
  • In the egg, yolk/albumen1/3
  • At increasing levels in feed a plateau is reached
    rapidly
  • Low levels in eggs in surveys (0.001-0.006 µg/g).
  • PTWI 0.015 mg/kg body weight/week

13
Fluorine
  • In phosphate supplements (should be
    defluorinated).
  • Genotoxic, skeleton (bone fracture), dental
    fluorosis and hypomineralization of enamel.
  • Transferred to eggshell.
  • High F diets result in 0.4-1.0 mg F/kg fresh
    albumen, and 3.1-8.4 mg F/kg dry fat free yolk.
  • Risk of bone effects gt 5 mg F/day

14
Nitrates
  • Present in water and vegetables
  • Anaemia
  • Nitrites in water. Formation of methaemoglobin
  • Fast excretion in urine. No bioaccumulation.
  • Little information in eggs. Content probably low?
    Low compared to other sources (water)

15
Limits for feeds (mg/kg)EU (1999-2002)
16
Radionuclides
  • Transfer is higher than for other animal products
  • Experience from Chernobyl accident 137Cs and
    131I from contaminated cereals.
  • Countermeasures Iron (III) hexacyanoferrates
  • U and Po in phosphates in Israel. Dose equivalent
    for all poultry products (70 of meat) is 0.04
    mSv/year.
  • (According to ICRP individual doses of less than
    10 µSv/year are negligible)
  • Limits according to Council Regulation (EURATOM)
    No 2218/89 (Bq/kg)
  • 90Sr 125 131I 500 239Pu and 241Am 20 134Cs
    and 137Cs and all t1/2 gt 10 days 1000
  • 3H, 14C and 40K are excluded

17
Mycotoxins
  • Eggs lt animal feeds. Unlikely acute toxicity
  • Aflatoxin B1, M, ochratoxin A are carcinogenic
    and must be monitored.
  • Fumonisin, Vomitoxin, and zearalenone found at
    very low levels or not found ata all when
    contaminated feeds are given to hens.

18
Ochratoxin A
  • No information in eggs of laying hens
  • In Japanese quail there is transfer to eggs.
  • Contribution of products of animal origin is not
    more than 3 of the burden

19
Aflatoxin B1
  • Residues when feed is 500 µg B1/kg feed but not
    at 300 µg B1/kg feed
  • Transfer 46151 in yolk, 38461 in albumen
  • In Japanese quail transfer is higher
  • After 7 days withdrawal only traces in eggs
  • Limit in feeds is 0.02 mg B1/kg feed
  • Limit in eggs is 3 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/ g fat
  • Maximum level based on ALARA

20
T2 Toxin
  • Inmunosupresive and carcinogenic
  • 1 mg T2 for 8 days 0.9 µgT2/egg
  • Limits in Israel and Russia 0.1 mg T2/kg feed

21
Organochlorine pesticides
  • Transferred to eggs in many cases
  • Very persistent. DDT (metabolites) still can be
    found in eggs more than 25 years after use was
    discontinued.
  • Banned for most applications in Europe and USA
    but still used in some third world countries
    Monitoring of eggs and feed ingredients
  • Limits for complete feeds and supplemental fats
    see manuscript, adapted from EU 1999

22
Brominated flame retardants
  • Accumulated like PCBs. From landfill and industry
    emissions
  • Transferred to eggs
  • Weight loss, liver damage, inmunity and
    reproduction. Carcinogenic
  • Banned in Europe.
  • Survey in Catalonia (Spain) PBDEs 58.3-64.5 ng/kg
    of wet weight in eggs
  • NOAEL is 0.15 mg/kg BW (WHO, 1994)

23
Plant and natural plant products
  • EU list of 1999 includes 17 plant species and 5
    natural products
  • According to SCAN risk is low.
  • Affect health of animals rather than the products
    derived from them

24
Mineral oil hydrocarbons
  • Carcinogen
  • Accidental contamination of fats and oils from
    gas oils (C18-C35) or synthetic oils (C25 and
    beyond C45) by discharge of waste oils.
  • FDA maximum in cereals is 100 mg/kg
  • Survey in Switzerland in fats for animal feeds
    levels between 100 and 1000 mg/kg.
  • In 1999 in the fat phase of eggs average 30
    mg/kg, and maximum 80 mg/kg.

25
Prevention
  • At farm level
  • Good production practices.
  • Control and traceability of feeds
  • Wtihdrawal time for drugs
  • Control of drinking water
  • Feed
  • Monitoring of ingredients. European legislation
  • HACCP
  • Traceability

26
Eggs are very valuable sources of nutrients
  • Knowledge of risks is necessary to prevent
    contamination
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