Captureready principles and design for pulverised coal plants

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Capture-ready principles and design for
pulverised coal plants
Mathieu Lucquiaud, Hannah Chalmers, Jia Li and
Jon Gibbins Energy Technology for Sustainable
Development Group, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Imperial Xi Liang and David
Reiner, Judge Business School, Cambridge
UKCCSC project meeting, 20th March 2008
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Why do CCS? cumulative global CO2 emissions
Unconventional oil includes oil sands and oil
shales but not CTL. Unconventional gas includes
coal bed methane, deep geopressured gas etc. but
not gas from coal and a possible 12,000 GtC from
gas hydrates.
From 3rd Assessment Report, http//www.ipcc.ch/
CARBON THAT CAN BE EMITTED TO ATMOSPHERE
CARBON IN FOSSIL FUELS
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Why do capture-ready? time needed to learn (1)
Critical path for IGCC and oxyfuel demo and
deployment?
CCS retrofit on capture-ready plants
CCS build-up plus all plants built capture-ready
Overall effort also important to maintain
continuity
GLOBAL CCS ROLLOUT
SECOND TRANCHE Commercial Regulatory Drivers
EU CCS ROLLOUT
12 plants by 2015 in EU
Big prize is getting two learning cycles from two
tranches of CCS projects before global rollout
FIRST TRANCHE Demonstration
PLANTS COMING INTO SERVICE
2015 DEMO PROJECTS IN PLACE
2020 CCS STANDARD IN EU
2025 GLOBAL CCS ROLLOUT
Gibbins and Chalmers (2008), Energy Policy
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Why do capture-ready? time needed to learn (2)
Critical path for post-combustion capture demo
and deployment?
Second tranche plants overlap with first tranche
since many lessons can be learned without needing
a new plant (e.g. solvent development and some
aspects of absorber design, including packing)
Big prize is having technology suitable for
global deployment available up to 5 years earlier
(and well suited to retrofit too)
First tranche plants earlier (especially if
retrofits)
PLANTS COMING INTO SERVICE
2015
2020
2025
Construction of second tranche plants can start
earlier since capture plant design fixed later in
the process
Shorter timescales for building new capture plant
(since dont need new power plant) mean that more
learning is available from earlier tranches for
rollout
Gibbins and Chalmers (2008), Energy Policy
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Also, some risk-based perspectives

• Owner
• needs to protect the investment value
• needs to get plant permitted
• Society
• doesnt need to protect investment value, but
• does need someone to be able to operate the plant
  in the future with CCS (if the original owner
  goes broke)
• Regulator(s)
• needs to keep the lights on, get new plant built,
  provide continuity, minimise costs etc.

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Basic principles for capture-ready design

• Must
• Have access to suitable geological storage
• Have space and access for capture equipment
• Have reasonable confidence it will work
  (feasibility study)
• Also consider
• Up-front expenditure with savings later, e.g.
• Bigger/better equipment?
• Move near cheaper/better CO2 storage?
• Flexibility initial retrofit and later
  technology upgrades
• But only pre-investments with very good returns
  justified
• See IEA GHG report on capture-ready

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Whys map on to hows
Society Reasonably-justified plan for the future

• Must
• Have access to geological storage
• Have space and access for capture equipment
• Have reasonable confidence it will work
• Also consider
• Up-front expenditure with savings later, e.g.
• Bigger, better equipment?
• Cheaper/better CO2 storage?
• Flexibility initial retrofit and later
  technology upgrades

e.g. Have to re-permit for CO2 after ten years?
but different interests?
Regulator
Must
Owner auditors, banks engineers etc. Detailed
studies for immediate action, protect
investment value
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IGCC and oxyfuel capture-ready designs

• IGCC
• Hard to integrate before and after capture
• Oversize components (Parsons study)
• Shift before capture (Jacobs GEM)
• Simpler option - build a second unit alongside
  when capture is added and size to integrate?
• Many designs possible (e.g. 4 entrained flow
  gasifiers)
• OXYFUEL
• Boiler manufacturers developing designs
• Can also make post-combustion capture ready

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Post-combustion capture-ready designs

• Post-com capture credibility - must be
  demonstrated
• Many future developments likely
• Should not lock in to known technology
• Likely common requirements, can be met at low
  cost
• Space large volumes of gas to handle,
  building work
• Clean and probably cool flue gas
• Pressure drop
• Provision for extra instrumentation and
  control, other services
• Extra cooling (efficiency penalty)
• Some electricity for capture/compression plant
• Some steam for temperature swing solvents

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Some key issues to consider for pipeline (and
storage) planning

• Limited experience of offshore CO2 pipelines
• More experience with onshore pipelines, but often
  in places with little/no population
• It seems likely that regulators will need to play
  a role here
• One key issue is then what a UK/North Sea network
  might look like (hub and spokes model?)

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Overview so far

• CCS is needed since danger of excess cumulative
  emissions from fossil fuel use
• Various options for capture, transport and
  storage
• Main actions now are getting ready for CCS
• Serious demonstration projects and deployment
  strategy required (local, regional and global)
• Also want new-build plants to be capture-ready
• Challenging, but we know enough to get started

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Steam turbine design for capture-readiness
6.7 bar gt 3.6 bar
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(No Transcript)
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Inputs to policy process include

• IEA GHG Report 2007/4 CO2 capture-ready power
  plants
• Report commissioned in response to G8 Gleneagles
  communiqué
• It will be presented at the G8 summit in Japan
  this summer

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Key conclusions

• Capture-ready makes sense in the context of
  cumulative emissions and new-build of coal-fired
  power plants (globally)
• Capture-ready principles for post-combustion
  capture at coal-fired power plants are clear
• Additional costs close to zero
• Steam turbine manufacturers and power utilities
  have taken the message on board

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Capture-ready photo montage(some details omitted)
Tilbury 2x 800 MW
Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower - Recent
Developments in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Coal Research Forum - http//www.coalresearchfor
um.org/pastmeetings.html
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Capture-ready photo montage(some details omitted)
Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower - Recent
Developments in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Coal Research Forum - http//www.coalresearchfor
um.org/pastmeetings.html
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• PROJECT TITLE CHINESE ADVANCED POWER PLANT
  CARBON CAPTURE OPTIONS (CAPPCCO)
• TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF PROJECT
• Carbon capture characteristics database for
  existing planned plants
• Develop and assess capture options for planned
  new pulverised coal (PC) plants
• Develop and assess capture options for existing
  PC plants
• Special issues for adding carbon capture to
  Chinese power plants e.g. water requirements,
  cooling requirements, coal properties, capture
  performance under variable Chinese climatic
  conditions including likely performance of
  next-generation pollutant control technologies
• Financing capture ready and capture retrofit

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Capture Option Financing Capture Ready
Capture Option

• Issuing a Tradable Capture Option help financing
  Capture Ready
• A Capture Option has plenty of potential benefits
• The value of a Capture Option is significant
• The feasibility of Capture Ready depends on the
  additional capital outlay for Capture Ready. (For
  example, in this model, Capture Ready is economic
  at all discount rate, if required additional
  total capital is less than 2. )

Financing Capture Ready Issuing a Tradable
Capture Option
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Capture Option
Capture Site
Transportation
Storage Site
Storage Site
(IPCC CCS Special Report, 2005)
Reiner D, Liang X, Gibbins J, Li J
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Closure Possibilities
Capture Option
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Capture Option
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