The U.S. Seeks a World Role

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The U.S. Seeks a World Role

• Chapter 20 Section 5

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Theodore Roosevelt

• Russo-Japanese War
• Desire by both Japan and Russia to develop
  'spheres of influence' in the Far East, mainly at
  the expense of China.
• Manchuria and Korea
• Japan was allied with Great Britain
• Japan knew that they could not win a long war
  fought over a vast expanse, but they could win a
  short localized war.
• Through the mediation of U.S. President Theodore
  Roosevelt peace was made in September at
  Portsmouth, N.H.1905
• The Portsmouth Treaty ended the Russo-Japanese
  War. Russia had suffered severe defeats and
  Japan was in financial difficulties.
• The disastrous outcome of the war for Russia was
  one of the immediate causes of the Russian
  Revolution of 1905. Japan gained the position of
  a world power, becoming the first non-European
  and non-American imperialist modern state.
• Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize.

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Root-Takahira Agreement- 1905

• A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far
  East. Japan would be allowed to annex Korea, and
  pursue interests in Manchuria
• Recognition of China's independence and
  territorial integrity, and support for
  continuation of the Open Door policy
• An agreement to mutual consultation in the event
  of future Far Eastern crises. Japan will not
  meddle with U.S. colonies in the Pacific.
• T. Roosevelt sends the Great White Fleet of 16
  battleships on a trip around the world in 1907.
  Cant let the Japanese think we are weak.

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Panama Canal

• The American expenditures from 1904 to 1914
  totaled 352,000,000, far more than the cost of
  anything built by the United States Government up
  to that time. Together the French and American
  expenditures totaled 639,000,000. It took 34
  years from the initial effort in 1880 to actually
  open the Canal in 1914. It is estimated that over
  80,000 persons took part in the construction and
  that over 30,000 lives were lost in both French
  and American efforts.

• 1878- French company tries building a canal
  across Panama- Paid Columbia for rights.
• French Failed and gave up
• 1898- U.S. government buys up the French rights
  and equipmentto the canal for 40 million.
• The United States and the new state of Panama
  signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, by which the
  United States guaranteed the independence of
  Panama and secured a perpetual lease on a 10-mile
  strip for the canal. Panama was to be compensated
  by an initial payment of 10 million and an
  annuity of 250,000, beginning in 1913.
• The U.S. helped Panama gain its independence from
  Columbia.

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Canal Construction

• Length- 51 miles
• 11.5 to Gatun Locks
• 40 miles across Lake Gatun to the Pedro Miguel
  locks
• The Pedro Miguel locks lower ships 9.4 metres,
  then on to the Miraflores Locks which lower ships
  16 metres to sea level at the canals Pacific
  terminus in the bay of Panama.
• The Panama Canal was constructed in two stages.
  The first between 1881 and 1888, being the work
  carried out by the French company headed by de
  Lessop and secondly the work by the Americans
  which eventually completed the canals
  construction between 1904 and 1914.

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Roosevelt and the Canal

• Roosevelt ordered army engineers to start
  digging. Thousands of workers sweated in the
  malarial heat. They tore up jungles and cut down
  mountains. Insects thrived in muddy, stagnant
  pools. "Mosquitoes get so thick you get a
  mouthful with every breath," a worker complained.
  The mosquitoes also carried yellow fever, and
  many fell victim to the deadly disease before Dr.
  William Gorgas found a way to stop it.
• Some Americans did not approve of Roosevelt's
  behavior. "There was much accusation about my
  having acted in an 'unconstitutional' manner,"
  Teddy shrugged. "I took the isthmus, started the
  canal, and then left Congress -- not to debate
  the canal, but to debate me. . . . While the
  debate goes on, the canal does too and they are
  welcome to debate me as long as they wish,
  provided that we can go on with the canal.
• Roosevelt liked to repeat an old African saying
  "Speak softly, and carry a big stick. You will go
  far." In Panama, Teddy proved to the world that
  he was willing to use his big navy as a stick to
  further American interests

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Roosevelt Corollary

• Big Stick Policy of TR.
• Addition to Monroe Doctrine
• United States would intervene as a last resort to
  keep other powers out and ensure financial
  stability
• United States increasingly used military force to
  restore internal stability to nations in the
  region
• United States might "exercise international
  police power
• It did serve as justification for U.S.
  intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the
  Dominican Republic

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Dollar Diplomacy- Taft

• 1909-1913
• Goal of diplomacy was to create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote American
  commercial interests
• Extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and
  Central America, especially in measures
  undertaken to safeguard American financial
  interests in the region
• U.S. to further its foreign policy aims in Latin
  America and East Asia through use of its economic
  power.

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Wilsons Moral Foreign Policy

• A policy that made the US the conscience of the
  world. He hoped to spread democracy, condemn
  colonialism, and promote peace. Every
  international conflict would be solved by a third
  party and the countries would remain peaceful
  while the conflict was resolved.
• Japan? Wilson protested the Japanese demands on
  China following the beginning of World War I.?
  Japan eased off, pretty much making China a
  protectorate, but remained bitter towards the US.
• Latin America? Wilson hoped to promote democracy
  and ensure the security of the Panama Canal in
  Latin America. Wilson answered upheavals in Haiti
  and the Dominican Republic with troops. Wilson
  plans to aid Latin American nations and prepare
  them for democracy inspired hatred rather than
  friendship.
• Mexican Civil War? In 1911 General Huerta seized
  power in Mexico and favored the wealthy
  landowners. Venustiano Carranza led the
  resistance to the Mexican regime. When Huerta
  declared himself military dictator of the regime,
  then Wilson banned arms shipment to Mexico and
  refused to recognize the defacto government.
  Carranza defeated Huerta.
• Bandit Fransisco Pancho Villa revolted against
  Carranza and attacked US border towns. The US
  sent General John Pershing down to find Pancho,
  but the 10,000 men trekking 300 miles into Mexico
  caused unrest in the Mexican Government.

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Poncho Villa

• Francisco "Pancho" Villa (1877-1923) is famed in
  Mexico as a revolutionary and in the United
  States as a violent bandit.
• The 1911 overthrow set off a struggle for power
  that Villa, who had American support, was winning
  until 1915, Villa's enemy Venustiano Carranza
  (1859-1920). United States recognized Carranza.
• Villa responds by attacking Americans' in
  Mexico. Villa's men raided across the border into
  Columbus, New Mexico (March 9, 1916), killing
  about a dozen Americans before being driven off.
• Wilson orders General John J. Pershing to lead an
  expedition into Mexico in pursuit of Villa. This
  American invasion, which was labeled a failure
  after 11 months. Villa, whose raids continued,
  could not be captured.
• The American invasion so angered his countrymen
  that Villa was regarded as a national hero.