Animal Form

1
Animal Form Function

• From Chapter 40

2
Animal Life

• Four critical processes
• Obtain energy and material
• Ingest, digest, absorb
• Obtain oxygen
• Dispose of nitrogenous waste
• NH3, urea, uric acid
• Dispose of CO2
• Easy for 1-few cells

3
Animal Life

• Harder for multicellular organisms
• Internal circulation
• O2, nutrients, wastes
• Coordination, information transfer
• Structural maintenance
• Movement
• Maintenance of homeostatic internal environment

4
Animal Life

• Harder for multicellular organisms
• Internal circulation
• Coordination, information transfer
• Structural maintenance
• Movement
• Maintenance of homeostatic internal environment

5
Levels of Organization
6
Animal Life

• Animal tissues
• Epithelium, epithelial tissues
• Coverings, linings

7
Animal Life

• Animal tissues
• Connective tissues
• Tendons, ligaments, dermis, bone, blood

8
Animal Life

• Animal tissues
• Muscle, muscular tissues
• Actively change shape, contract

9
Animal Life

• Animal tissues
• Nervous tissue
• Information transfer, coordination

10
Animal Life

• Coordination Control
• Nervous systems
• Rapid information transfer by neurons
• Endocrine systems
• Slower, but widespread long lasting effects

11
Animal Life

• Homeostasis
• Control of the internal environment
• Regulators control factors of their internal
  environment
• Conformers allow some internal factors to
  change with the external environment
• Other factors are regulated (largemouth bass)

12
Animal Life

• Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a consistent, regulated internal
  environment
• Maintained by feedback

13
Animal Life

• Homeostasis
• Organism may live in variable environment
• Heat, Food, Ions, Water, etc.
• Cells live in STABLE, narrowly REGULATED
  environments.
• Uncontrolled changes disrupt ORGANIZATION
• Cell death, dead organism

14
Animal Life

• Homeostasis
• "feedback" Return of information from
  "output" of system to "CONTROL CENTER."
• Response.

15
Animal Life

• Homeostasis feedback
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• control center responds in same () direction
  as info. (output) change
• Rare in biological systems
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• control center responds opposite ( - ) direction
  of info. (output) change
• Common in maintaining homeostasis

16
Animal Life

• Homeostasis feedback
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• control center responds in same () direction
  as info. (output) change

17
Animal Life

• Homeostasis feedback
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• control center responds opposite ( - ) direction
  of info. (output) change

18
Animal Life

• Thermoregulation, examples of negative feedback
• Endotherms generate internal heat, regulate
  temperature
• Mammals, birds, a few others
• Ectotherms produce little heat, body temperature
  conforms to environment
• Most animals

19
Animal Life

• Physical heat transfer
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection,
• Evaporation

20
Animal Life

• Bioenergetics metabolic rate
• Energy in energy out
• Endotherm
• Heat production heat loss
• Heat production by cellular respiration
• Heat loss by Radiation, Conduction, Convection,
  Evaporation

21
Animal Life

• Metabolic rate
• Rate of cellular respiration
• ATP for cellular work
• Heat by-product

• Measures of metabolic rate
• Heat production
• O2 consumption
• CO2 production
• Food consumption

22
Animal Life

• Metabolic rate varies with body size
• Heat produced in body volume (mass)
• Heat loss over body surface
• Heat loss SA/V

23
Animal Life

• Metabolic rate varies during torpor, hibernation
• Some endotherms allow their metabolic rate and
  temperature to decrease
• Energy saving