Homeostatic Mechanisms: Controlling the Internal Environment

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Homeostatic Mechanisms Controlling the Internal
Environment
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Controlling the Internal Environment

• Regulation of Body Temperature
• Four physical processes account for heat gain or
  loss
• Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from their
  surroundings endotherms derive it mainly from
  metabolism
• Thermoregulation involves physiological and
  behavioral adjustments
• Most animals are ectothermic, but endothermy is
  widespread
• Torpor conserves energy during environmental
  extremes
• Water Balance and Waste Disposal
• Water balance and waste disposal depend on
  transport epithelia
• An animals nitrogenous wastes are correlated
  with its phylogeny and habitat
• Cells require a balance between osmotic gain and
  loss of water
• Osmoregulators expend energy to control their
  internal osmolarity osmoconformers are
  isoosmotic with their surroundings

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Controlling the Internal Environment continued

• Excretory Systems
• Most excretory systems produce urine by refining
  a filtrate derived from body fluids
• Diverse excretory systems are variations on a
  tubular theme
• Nephrons and associated blood vessels are the
  functional units of the mammalian kidney
• Blood filtrate becomes urine by concentrating
  waste products
• The mammalian kidneys ability to conserve water
  is a key terrestrial adaptation
• Nervous and hormonal feedback circuits regulate
  kidney functions
• Diverse adaptations of the vertebrate kidney have
  evolved
• Interacting regulatory systems maintain
  homeostasis

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Controlling the Internal Environment

• Regulation of Body Temperature
• Four physical processes account for heat gain or
  loss
• Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from their
  surroundings endotherms derive it mainly from
  metabolism
• Thermoregulation involves physiological and
  behavioral adjustments
• Most animals are ectothermic, but endothermy is
  widespread
• Torpor conserves energy during environmental
  extremes
• Water Balance and Waste Disposal
• Water balance and waste disposal depend on
  transport epithelia
• An animals nitrogenous wastes are correlated
  with its phylogeny and habitat
• Cells require a balance between osmotic gain and
  loss of water
• Osmoregulators expend energy to control their
  internal osmolarity osmoconformers are
  isoosmotic with their surroundings

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Controlling the Internal Environment continued

• Excretory Systems
• Most excretory systems produce urine by refining
  a filtrate derived from body fluids
• Diverse excretory systems are variations on a
  tubular theme
• Nephrons and associated blood vessels are the
  functional units of the mammalian kidney
• Blood filtrate becomes urine by concentrating
  waste products
• The mammalian kidneys ability to conserve water
  is a key terrestrial adaptation
• Nervous and hormonal feedback circuits regulate
  kidney functions
• Diverse adaptations of the vertebrate kidney have
  evolved
• Interacting regulatory systems maintain
  homeostasis