Cultural Practices that Can Control Pests

1
Cultural Practices that Can Control Pests

• Cultural practices are the methods that
  vegetables are growth
• Aim is to _____________________ conditions for
  vegetable crop growth
• The theory is that plant that emerges and
  establishes first will capture the majority of
  the resources available for growth and will be
  able to overcome _____________________

2
Soil Factors

• Soil factors have a major effect on how well
  plants grow
• Some pests are directly influenced by soil
  factors
• Important factors
• Presence of ________________ matter
• Ability to drain or retain
• ___________________
• Properly prepared soil
• Proper _________________

3
Pest problems commonly associated with soil and
nutrient conditions
4
Soil Factors

• Organic matter
• Organic matter will affect _______________
  structure, ____________________ availabilty,
  drainage, and soil organisms
• Some soil organisms can feed on a range of
  organic materials including __________________
  seedlings
• Are favored by soils with too much organic matter

5
Soil Factors

• Organic matter
• _____________________ amount of organic matter is
  desirable
• Improves drainage
• Substrate for beneficial organisms
• Drainage
• Poorly drained soils favor ___________ rots

6
Soil Factors

• Soil preparation
• Will determine ________________ characteristics
  and whether or not weed plants and other pests
  are present
• Fertility
• Is a balancing act to not have too much or too
  little fertility
• Too much fertility (especially N) causes
  __________________ growing plants can be more
  attractive to some pests. Lush vegetative
  growth
• Is very attractive to __________________
• Increases the humidity in the crop canopy

7
Soil Factors

• Fertility
• Poorly fertilized vegetable plants
• Are less able to compete against ___________
• Stressed plants may attract pests
• May be less able to recover from minor pest
  injury

8
Water Management

• Managing the amount of _______________ that
  vegetables receive is a balancing act
• Mismanagement of water is a major contributing
  factor to many pest problems
• Too little water
• ________________ plants, poor rooting
• Excessive water
• Encourages __________________ and disease
  problems
• Damage caused by over- or under-_________________
  is frequently misdiagnosed as pest damage

9
Resistant Cultivars

• Using resistant cultivars
• One of the most economically and ecologically
  sound forms of ________________ control
• Cultivars are available that are resistant to
  many common pathogens
• ___________________ pathogens often develop
  different races
• Overcomes disease resistant plant cultivars
• Requires development of cultivar with resistance
  to new race of pathogen

10
Examples of tomato cultivars with disease
resistance

• Cultivar Vertic. Fusarium Mosiac
• __________________________________
• Fantastic No ________ No
• Sunrise ______ Yes No
• Spitfire Yes 2 sources No
• Big Beef Yes Yes ________
• Sweet Gold No Yes Yes

11
Genetically modified vegetables (GMOs)

• Has a _____________ gene inserted using
  molecular biology techniques
• Difference from cultivars developed with
  traditional plant breeding
• Gene inserted from __________________ organisms
• Single or a few genes inserted in GMO
• Selectable markers in GMO

12
Genetically modified vegetables

• Pest _______________ has generally been the
  target
• Consumer acceptance has been an issue
• Flavr-Saver Tomato
• No longer available
• __________ containing sweet corn and potato
• No longer available
• Glyphosate-resistant lettuce
• Not marketed

13
GMOs The Issues

• Pest resistance will develop
• Genes may move into related _______ species
• Superweeds
• Adverse health effects
• Allergic reactions to food
• Ethical issues
• Who benefits from GMOs?

14
Crop rotation

• ___________________ is important if you have root
  knot nematode or root diseases
• Requirements for a pest to be controlled by crop
  rotation
• The ________ of the pest must be within the field
• The pest cannot be so mobile that it is likely to
  move in from adjacent areas
• The pest should have a ____________ host range
• Pests should not be able to survive in the soil
  for ______________ than a year or two

15
Intercropping and Companion Planting

• The idea that having more than one crop in an
  area at the same time may ____________________
  pest problems
• Advantages of interplanting
• ________________ spread of pests
• Provide ______________ for natural enemies
• Provides backup

16
Companion Planting

• Plants that protect neighboring plants by
  _____________________ pests
• Ways companion plants may benefit vegetables
• Masking or hiding crop
• Producing _____________________ that confuse
  pests
• Serve as trap crops
• Provide food or habitat for beneficial
  __________________
• Examples
• Marigolds - French marigolds
• Mints (especially_____________________)
• Research has consistently shown no overall direct
  benefits but might increase biocontrol agents