History of Astronomy

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History of Astronomy

• 5th period

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Astrology vs. Astronomy

• Astrology- The idea that heavenly bodies (planets
  and stars) influence your daily life.
• Example-

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Astronomy vs. Astrology

• Astronomy- the study of the universe
• A-
• S-
• T-
• R-
• O-
• N-
• O-
• M-
• Y-

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Astronomy and Early Civilizations
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• Some time ago in Geologic Time
• We find ancient people who questioned why?
• Nomads roamed the Earth to and fro
• Observing the sky as theyd go

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The sky, it glows
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And now no light
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The glowing ball is back and bright
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Now, in the sky are many lights
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Reach I may with all my mightI can only observe
this day and night
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Sarah-Babylonians

• Babylonians were found in southern Iraq between
  two rivers,
• Earliest civilizations to have written
  information to deliver.
• They existed 7000-2500 years ago
• And their calendar had 12-30 day months, in a
  row.
• To tell time they would use a sundial,
• Making all their hard work worthwhile.
• Other important information
• Invented cuneiform script
• Divided Zodiac into 12 parts
• Calculated length of year inaccurately
• Established 360 degree circle

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Sarah-Stonehenge

• Stonehenge is a monument that stands in England,
• Founded in the 20th century-purpose was to
  dispend.
• It was made of many structures, not just one,
• And was built just right to gather rays from the
  sun.
• Designed to remark astronomical information,
• Although those who built it are a combination.
• It has been around for 4,000 years,
• And quite accommodating as it appears.
• Other important information
• Marked phases of the moon
• 3D Calendar
• Marked Equinoxes

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Jacob-The Chinese

• On November 23 1311 B.C. recorder first lunar
  eclipse .
• If an astronomer failed to predict a eclipse they
  were be headed.
• Recorded an explosion of a super nova in 1054 AD

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The Egyptians

• Heliocentric
• Made first solar calendar for farming.
• Proposed a 365 day year with 30 day months.

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Meghan Thales and Anaxagoras

• Thales, Thales is his name
• And I tell you his theory is no game
• Why, why, why
• Hed ask by and by
• Would a universe like this,
• So beautiful with bliss,
• Be controlled by demons or gods
• But with another proposal at his side Anaxagoras
  believed in something more with no guide
• He figured how the moon would dim
• By a lunar source unlike men
• His theory is true
• And it says the moon shines by reflected light
  from the sun too

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Thales and Anaxagoras

• Thales
• Led history in scientific reasoning by asking
  questions about the universe without thinking of
  the gods
• Anaxagoras
• Proposed that the moon shines by reflected light
  from re-hot stone, the sun
• First to explain the explanation of eclipses of
  the moon correctly

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Plato Aristotle

• PLATO
• Learn about the universe by reasoning said the
  motions of the universe were circular

• Aristotle
• First to establish laws, geocentric views based
  on parallax (apparent shift in position of the
  star) but due to movement of Earth, not stars,
  Round earth shadows of earth is curved during an
  eclipse so Earth and the view of the
  constellation change as you move from north to
  south

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Griff-Aristarchus, Eratosthenes

• Aristarchus proposed the Earth revolved around
  the sun. They didnt think so when the world
  begun.
• Eratosthenes wanted to build a big fence. So he
  calculated the Earths circumference.

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Allison-Hipparchus

• Developed the system of Epicycles (Where
  everything in space moved in perfect circles.)
• He is Considered the father of trigonometry.
• Measured the distance from the earth to the moon.
• He Found out that a year is 365.25 days

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• Measured the distance from the earth to the moon.
• He thought that the universe was geocentric.

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Ashley-Ptolemy

• There once lived a man by the name of Ptolemy.
  His life span was from 85-165A.D. in Greece. He
  worked with two other astronomers by the names of
  Aristotle and Hipparchus. Together the 3 of them
  formed the geocentric theory. He believed that
  the Earth was the center of the universe. He
  wasnt just famous for astronomy, but also for
  geography and he was the first person to use
  longitude and latitude lines to identify places
  on the Earth. He also wrote 3 books.

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Ashley-Ptolemy

• The Ptolemaic System was an astronomical system
  of Ptolemy, in which the Earth is at the center
  of the universe. The epicycle was a geometric
  model that explained the variations in speed and
  direction of the moon, sun, and the planets. They
  move along a larger circle called a deferent. He
  also said that planets moved in a retrograde
  motion, which meant that they moved backwards
  instead of forward.

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Ashley-Ptolemy

• His model was unchanged for 13-14 centuries
• The church supported his work

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Nicholas Copernicus

• Roman Catholic
• Created the Heliocentric Model of the universe
• Also determined how to calculate the distances
  and the diameters of the planets
• Was not published until after death
• Believed in the circular motion of the planets

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Giordano Bruno

• Was one of the first people to adopt a
  heliocentric view
• Was burned alive at the stake for his view

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Jay- Tycho Brahe

• T elescopeless B uilt and designed
  astronomical instruments
• Y oung astronomers traveled to observe him R
  ecords used by Kepler- L.O.P.M
• C assiopeia discovery A ccuracy of
  observations were unbelievable
• H eld 1000 star catalogue H igh nobility of
  Denmark
• O bservatory, Europes finest E ncouraged
  geocentric view
• -Earth not rotating -Geocentric view but other
  bodies orbit sun -Said if Earth is moving then
  the stars we see should shift position ( stellar
  Parallax)

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Griff-Cassini

• Cassini found the divide between Saturns rings,
  As if they were pulled apart by strings.
• He also found four of Saturns moons, He thought
  this would bring good fortunes.

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Vik Kepler

• Johan Kepler followed studies of Copernicus and
  Brahe,
• He had a heliocentric view of the universe,
  unlike Ptolemy,
• And he discovered a few groundbreaking rules of
  astronomy.
• He first said that an orbit was not a circle, but
  an ellipse,
• Which made the Catholic Church pitch a fit.
• Also, the sun was not exactly in the center,
• Which is why we are at parahelion in the winter.
• The next law stated orbit speed was not
  consistent,
• We orbit faster when at a shorter distance.
• He used astrophysics to support his laws,
• All of which contributed to astronomys cause.
• KEPLERS 3 LAWS-
• 1. Planets orbit in an ellipse
• 2. Planets travel faster near the sun and slower
  away from the sun
• 3. The farther the planet is from the sun, the
  longer its period of revolution

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Lindsay - Galileo

• Galileo A martyr for scientific truth
• Heliocentric view
• Believed that one can test theories by conducting
  experiments. Example You could test theories
  about falling bodies using and inclined plane to
  slow down the rate of descent.
• He discovered the moons of Jupiter, as well as
  sunspots, craters, and peaks on the moon
• He was the first person to point a telescope
  towards the sky. He eventually invented his own
  telescope lenses that were up to a twentieth
  power magnification. This led to his own drawings
  of the moons phases.
• Galileo was convicted of heresy in 1616 by the
  Inquisition in Rome. Illness kept him from
  traveling until 1633. When he finally had his
  trial before the inquisition, he was sentenced to
  house arrest for the rest if his life.
• Galileo composed many famous works during his
  lifetime. All of them contained brilliant ideas.
  Sadly, not many of them were published for the
  world to see, without serious consequences from
  the Roman Catholic Church.

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Jonathan-Doppler

• Christian Doppler(1803-1853)
• Christian Doppler was a Australian Mathmatician.
• He was born in 1803 and died in 1853.
• He was best well known for his principle in
  concerning the coloured light of double stars.
• Christian Doppler also came up with a theory that
  is named after him known as the Doppler Effect.

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Doppler Effect

• Doppler did studies on sound waves.
• The sound waves have higher frequency when the
  object is moving towards you.
• The sounds waves with a lower frequency is when
  the object is moving away from you.
• The Doppler effect was contributed in the
  weather.
• The radar that was built could determine if the
  rain drops are moving towards or away from it.
• Another Astronomer name Edwin Hubble used the
  Doppler effect to determine that the universe is
  expanding.

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The Doppler effect changes

• The Doppler effect charges sound.
• From every where around.
• The sound is Astounding.
• Where ever it is found.
• The vibration of the sound shakes the ground.
• The waves of the sound makes an awsome
  background.
• These are the sounds of what you Should expect
  and that was explaining of the Dopplers effect.

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Jorge-Herschel

• Once Upon a time a smart astronomer named William
  Herschel, was very curious about the sky, he
  built a telescope to look at it and he discovered
  Uranus, he was the first astronomer to discover a
  planet, he also found two moons of the planet
  Saturn, and after years of studying he studied
  this disk shaped thing called the Milky Way.

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Jorge-Einstein

• The young Jewish boy who wasnt very smart
  growing up, dreamed of being an astronomer but
  all of his teachers said that he would never make
  it. He came up with the theory of Relativity and
  now all of his old teachers take classes from him.

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Courtney- Newton

• Newton had a heliocentric view, who knew this
  would be big news? His 1st law states that a
  moving object will stay in motion until acted on
  by an outside force, and this is very true of
  course. Newtons 2nd law says an objects force
  equals mass times acceleration, wow what a great
  equation. The 3rd law states for every action
  there is an opposite and equal reaction. These
  are Newtons laws you should know wherever you go!

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Other Newton facts

• Newton invented calculus
• Discovered gravity
• -As distance increases the force of gravity
  decreases
• -As mass increases force of gravity increases
• -Orbital Period the time for a satellite to
  complete 1 orbit.
• 3 laws of motion
• An object in motion will stay in motion until
  acted on by an outside force.
• Fma
• For every action there is an equal and opposite
  reaction

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Jonathan-Annie cannon

• Annie cannon was hired at Harvard college to
  calculate astronomical numbers.
• Annie jump cannon organized the stars in a
  different way then other astronomers. She ordered
  them based on temperature and color.
• She ordered it into seven categories which are
  OBAFGKM O being the hottest and M being the
  coldest
• In her life she categorized about 400,000 stars.

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Jacinta- Hertzsprung-Russell

• The original diagram displays the spectral type
  of stars on the horizontal axis and the absolute
  magnitude on the vertical axis.

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Jacinta- Hertzsprung-Russell

• Henry Norris Russell used photographic methods to
  measure stellar parallaxes, leading to the
  discovery of the relationship between absolute
  magnitude and spectral types of stars, a plot of
  this relationships now called Hertzsprung-Russell
  (or H-R diagram).

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Jacinta- Hertzsprung-Russell

• The Hertzsprung Russell diagram shows the
  relationship between absolute magnitude,
  luminosity, classification, and surface
  temperature of stars. The diagram represents the
  lives of stars which was created by Henry Norris
  Russell in 1910.There are several forms of the
  Hertzsprung diagram.

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Frank- Halley Huygens

• Doug was staring through his telescope a the
  starry sky on a Wednesday night. To his surprise
  he saw Saturns rings. Although he was excited
  he realized he had to go to bed for he had an
  early optometrist appointment. He woke up and
  looked at his pendulum clock and rushed to his
  appointment. The optometrist told him he needed
  glasses because he was loosing his sight. He
  also told him that he needed to come back every
  month at the same time to check how the glasses
  were working.
• This story could not be possible without Edmond
  Halley and Christian Huygens. Halley predicted
  that comets take the same path and the same
  amount of time to return. Without Christian
  Huygens Doug would not have known to look for the
  rings of Saturn, or have been able to check the
  time on is pendulum clock.
• Interesting Facts
• Halley created the 1st meteorological chart
  showing prevailing winds, came up with a theory
  of cometary orbits predicted the return of what
  is known as Halleys comet which appears every 76
  years.
• Christian Huygens Improved grinding and
  polishing lenses, found the 1st moon of Saturn,
  and had earliest discussions of extraterrestrial
  life.

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Drew-Goddard/Brawn

• Robert Goddard was a rocketry pioneer
• He moved space exploration into the right gear
• He specialized in liquid gas
• And we learn about him in Ms. Harmans class
• He also found parachutes would slow a rockets
  fall
• So they would not crash and explode into a ball
• After Goddards death people began to yawn
• Until his ideas were adopted by Werner Von Brawn
• His rockets were used in the second world war
• He worked with the Germans and kept developing
  more
• He moved to the U.S. and began to say
• We will rocket toward the moon in a short day
• He came up with an idea called Saturn V
• And this helped to boost NASAa lunar drive
• All his work on rockets soon paid off
• When a ship called Apollo soon blasted off
• These two men contributed greatly
• Some of their ideas, we still use lately
• Because of these people we flew to the moon

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Drew-Goddard/Brawn

• Other Notes
• Goddard was known as The father of modern
  rocketry
• Brawn was very instrumental in the Apollo space
  program
• Brawn worked for the German rocket team.

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Addie - Edwin Hubble and Carl Sagan

• First we have Hubble, with a geocentric view,
• Who was also a veteran of WW1 and WW2
• The Mt. Wilson observatory was where he made his
  mark,
• A pioneer in his field, just like Lois and Clark.
• Using the Hooker telescope many stars he did see,
• And found that the universe was much larger than
  believed.
• And to organize all of these vast new spaces,
• He divided them according to size, brightness,
  distance, and shapes-es!
• Next there is Carl Sagan, a visionary too,
• Who brought the universe closer to me and to you.
• A teacher at Harvard, but NASA would soon follow,
• To help astronauts with the Mission Apollo.
• His true curiosity was of life outside Earth
• And studying Venus and Jupiter he found great
  mirth.
• UFOs, Mysteries, and extra-terrestrial beings,
• For Sagan believing was by faith and not by
  seeing!

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Hubble and Sagan

• Showed that the Universe is expanding
• Discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way

• Interested in ET life
• Wrote the movie Contact
• Cosmos A personal Voyage

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Kuiper

• Proposed Kuiper Belt
• Disk shaped region past the orbit of Neptune
  extending roughly 30-50 AU from sun containing
  icy bodies

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Markco-Stephen Hawking

• Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942
• He stayed to study Astronomy
• He was interested in theory than in observation
• Hawking principal field of research are
  Theoretical Cosmology and Quantum Gravity
• He supplied a mathematical proof that any black
  hole is fully described by the three properties
  of mass, angular momentum and electric charge