COMMUNITY STRUCTURE cpt. 20 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE cpt. 20

Description:

... {Q|Q}Q~QQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ... 5' S6 DTsEF7Gc(UVW*Gd t e p)8fu*9:HIJXYZghijvwxyz Ss tFTO ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:84
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 39
Provided by: zoolo
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE cpt. 20


1
  • COMMUNITY STRUCTURE (cpt. 20)
  • Biological structure
  • composition and abundance
  • temporal changes (succession)
  • relationships between species
  • (interactions, dominance, Keystones etc.)

2
  • COMMUNITY STRUCTURE (cpt. 20)
  • Biological structure determines how
  • the community functions
  • Productivity
  • Trophic levels
  • Nutrient cycling etc.

3
  • VARIOUS WAYS TO DESCRIBE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
  •  
  • LIFE FORMS
  • HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
  • VERTICAL STRUCTURE

4
LIFE FORMS In the 1920s, a Danish botanist,
Raunkiaer, provided a classification (1934) based
on the position of the perennating tissue (buds,
bulbs, seeds etc.).   This can be used to
characterize a community because certain life
forms are dominant in certain environments.
5
RAUNKIAERS LIFE FORMS
Phanerophytes (trees)
Hemicryptophytes (perennial herbs)
Therophytes (annuals)
Cryptophytes (bulbs etc.)
Chamaephytes (shrubs)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
  • The great biomes of the world show a remarkable
    degree of convergence in their physical
    appearance, despite wide variation in the
    species involved.
  •  
  • It is difficult to distinguish between
  • chaparral of California and Chile
  • nutrient-poor heaths of S. Africa and Australia
  • Arctic and Antarctic fell fields
  • rain forest in Brazil and SE Asia
  •  
  • These divergences are vivid testimony of the
    importance of climatic factors as agents of
    natural selection.

12
LIFE FORMS IN DIFFERENT BIOMES
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
  • SEVERAL POINTS EMERGE FROM THESE COMPARISONS
  • Where there is no unfavorable season, or the less
    favorable is not too severe, then tree-like
    plants (phanerophytes) predominate in the flora
    as a whole.
  • Under ideal growth conditions (constant warmth
    and moisture) trees are dominant, simply because
    the competitive spoils go to the tallest
    individuals.
  • In less equable climates, trees may still be the
    dominant plants in most communities, but the
    flora as a whole is made up predominantly of
    other life forms (hemicryptophytes in northern
    temperate latitudes)

16
  Where the summer is arid (as in deserts and
Mediterranean climates), there is a preponderance
of annual plants (which avoid drought by passing
the dry period as dormant seeds) and geophytes
(which avoid drought by die-back of their
above-ground parts and survive by means of
underground storage organs). Other desert plants
that tolerate drought may appear to be dominant
if the vegetation is surveyed during the dry
season (xerophytic shrubs and stem succulents)  
  • Where the summer is arid (as in deserts and
    Mediterranean climates), there is a preponderance
    of annual plants (which avoid drought by passing
    the dry period as dormant seeds) and geophytes
    (which avoid drought by die-back of their
    above-ground parts and survive by means of
    underground storage organs). Other desert plants
    that tolerate drought may appear to be dominant
    if the vegetation is surveyed during the dry
    season (xerophytic shrubs and stem succulents)

17
5. Where extreme cold and exposure characterize
the unfavorable season, there is a shift towards
cushion-forming plants and other species whose
buds are held close to the ground surface
(chamaephytes). Many Arctic plants have their
perennating buds protected by the dead leaf-bases
of last year's shoots, because both the exposed
aerial environment and the frozen soil are
extremely inhospitable conditions for bud
survival.
18
  • VARIOUS WAYS TO DESCRIBE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
  •  
  • LIFE FORMS
  • HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
  • VERTICAL STRUCTURE

19
  • HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
  • Random
  • Probably never occurs
  • Regular or Systematic
  • Plantations of crops
  • Behavioural interactions
  • Aggregated or Clumped

20
RANDOM ARRANGEMENT
21
  • HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
  • Random
  • Probably never occurs
  • Regular or Systematic
  • Plantations of crops
  • Behavioural interactions
  • Aggregated or Clumped

22
REGULAR OR SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT
23
REGULAR, OR SYSTEMATIC, ARRANGEMENT
24
  • HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
  • Random
  • Probably never occurs
  • Regular or Systematic
  • Plantations of crops
  • Behavioural interactions
  • Aggregated or Clumped

25
  • AGGREGATED
  • ants and termites
  • fish and phytoplankton
  • plants
  • distribution from parent
  • environmental heterogeneity
  • species interactions

26
  • AGGREGATED
  • ants and termites
  • fish and phytoplankton
  • plants
  • distribution from parent
  • environmental heterogeneity
  • species interactions

27
  • AGGREGATED
  • ants and termites
  • fish and phytoplankton
  • plants
  • distribution from parent
  • environmental heterogeneity
  • species interactions

28
Solidago canadensis
Solidago nemoralis
29
Buttercup (Ranunculus sp.)
30
BullrushCattail
31
Krebs Fig. 7.9 p94,95,137
Chthamalus
Balanus
32
  • VARIOUS WAYS TO DESCRIBE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
  •  
  • LIFE FORMS
  • HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
  • VERTICAL STRUCTURE

33
  • VERTICAL STRUCTURE
  • Forest (usually associated with light
    diminution)
  • Warblers in a coniferous forest
  • Aquatic systems
  • Soil layers
  • Root systems

34
(No Transcript)
35
WARBLERS
(Krebs Fig. 12.15 p193)
36
(Krebs Fig. 12.15 p193)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com