Presentation Outline

1
Presentation Outline

• Shantana R. Halder Reviewing Existing services
  for the ultra poor
• Imran Matin, Shantana R. Halder Combining
  Methodologies for Better Targeting Some
  preliminary findings from BRACs CFPR Programme
• Shantana R. Halder Impact of BRACs Development
  Programmes on the Extreme Poor

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• 1. Reviewing Existing services for the ultra poor
• Survey was done in September 2001 as a part of
  background information collection for CFPR
• 14 regions/districts
• 106 Thanas
• Information collected from 801 Senior Non- BRAC
  NGO officials of 383 NGOs

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Average Thana Detail

• 194 villages
• 268 households/village
• 73 poor
• Over 13 NGOs/Thana
• Highest NGOs in Rajbari district
• 55 NGOs/Thana
• Working area 257 sq. km./NGO local office
• Village coverage 35 per NGO
• Av. members per NGO 3410
• Table 1 in text

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Average Thana Detail

• 85 of the NGOs are local (operating in 1 Thana,
  32 NGOs are in 2 Thana)
• NGO Village coverage
• 100 villages in 45 Thanas
• 8 villages without NGOs
• NGO membership overlapping 15
• Table 1 in text

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NGO programmes

• Av. 3.4 programmes per NGO
• MF 89
• Training 53
• Edun- 48
• Health 47
• IGA 46
• Social dev. 28
• Others - 31
• Table 2 in text

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Programmes for the Ultra Poor

• 20 surveyed NGOs have some programmes for UP
• UP programme in 75 (79 out of 106) Thanas
• No UP orgrammes in Shariatpur and Thakurgaon
• High UP provisions in most economically
  distressed areas (Gaibandha, Jamalpur and
  Rangpur)
• Table 3 in text

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Programmes for the Ultra Poor

• Relief
• Resettlement in Govt. khash land
• Income and Employment generation
• Health
• Education
• Social development
• Special programmes
• Annex 2

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Relief

• Large number of local, national and intl. NGOs
• Food and non food consumption support
• Support for house building and repairing
• Support for treatment inc. free medicine
• Latrine and tubewell installation and repair
• Annex 2

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Resettlement in Govt. khash land

• Social Organisation for Voluntary Advancement ,
  Shamata, Rajbari Unnayan Sangstha and Daridra
  Manab Kallyan Sangstha in Rajbari and Friend
  Program in Kurigram/Lalmonirhat
• Proshika advocacy for khash land
• Annex 2

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Income and Employment generation

• Provision of small scale credit for different
  quick high return schemes
• Specially designed sector programmes for the
  ultra poor (Roadside plantation, Agroforesty)
• MF with provision for vocational training
• SDP in Kotiadi of Kishoregonj provide direct
  employment to the ultra poor.
• Annex 2

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Health

• NGOs providing training provide health awareness
• Treatment (including food)
• Chinna Mukul in Kurigram and World Vision of
  Bangladesh in Kalkini, Madaripur
• Nutrition for pregnant women and children (TMSS
  in Gaibandha and Proshika in Gopalgonj, VORD in
  Pangsha, Rajbari, Ganashasthya Kendra in Sherpur)
  
• Free or subsidized treatment as part of relief
  and rehabilitation
• (Proshika in Gopalgonj, AVA in Jamalpur and
  Udayan Swabalambi Sangstha in Gaibandha)
• Water and sanitation programme
• (Hitaishi Bangladesh in Kaligonj of
  Kurigram/Lalmonirhat)
• Programme for the orphans (Islamic relief )
• Annex 2

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Education

• Free education support to the children from ultra
  poor households
• (Uddog, Hachina Machir Welfare Association and
  Atmwa Unnayan Sanhstha in Gaibandha district, AVA
  and Swanirbhar Bangladesh in Jamalpur and VORD in
  Rajbari, Modern Rural Progressive Society in
  Kurigram/Lalmonirhat, Swanirbhar Bangladesh,
  Swanirbhar and Nari Uddogh Kendra in Kishoregonj,
  Ganashasthya Kendra in Sherpur)
• Education programmes with free books
• Grameen and Proshika, and a local level NGO, GGS
  in Gopalgonj
• Annex 2

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Social development

• Social development is mutually supportive to
  economic and social change
• Any NGO intervention working for economic or
  social change will, therefore, have had some
  direct or indirect impact on social development
• ASOD in Islampur, Jamalpur and Gram Unnayan
  Kendra in Roumari, Kurigram working directly for
  social development.
• Annex 2

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Special programmes

• View in Kurigram sadar, works for rehabilitation
  of street prostitutes and also on womens and
  children trafficking
• Sonali Kallyan Sangha in Jhinaigathi, Sherpur
  provides economic support for the freedom
  fighters
• Uddog in Palashbari, and Atmwa Unnayan Sangstha
  in Gaibandha district works with disabled people
  and provides them with education, treatment,
  vocational training
• Grameen Nishwa Prokalpa in Melandaha, Jamalpur
• Annex 2

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Major challenges

• No clear-cut definition of the target group
• Inappropriate targeting due to lack of skill and
  knowledge on targeting methodology
• NGO programmes and membership overlapping
• Shortage in funds
• Programme lack multidimensional focus
• Shortage in skilled manpower.

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Conclusion

• 20 of the existing NGOs (most of them are local
  based) have some provision for the ultra poor and
  most of them are local
• They offer some sort of fixed term grants or some
  specific services like consumption support in a
  disastrous situation, subsidy for treatment in a
  particular health centre, waving the tuition/
  examination fees of children of the ultra poor
  households, providing small-scale loan for
  cow/goat rearing, helping in asset leasing
  arrangements and so on.
• Few NGOs have comprehensive programme
• CFPRP is different from other existing NGO
  programmes/approaches
• CFPRP has provisions for working in all different
  fronts of poverty. It combines both the
  protectional and promotional measures to protect
  creation and reproduction of their poverty at any
  front.

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BRACs Programme for the Poorest

• Income Generation for the Vulnerable Group
  Development (IGVGD)
• Agroforestry
• Challenging the Frointiers of Poverty Reduction
  (CFPR).

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IGVGD

• Integrated package of food distribution, savings,
  micro-credit provision, social awareness-building
  and skill development training and essential
  health care interventions
• IGVGD is very successful and cost-effective in
  reaching the ultra poor
• Female coming from male headed households can
  participate more fully in the IGVGD programme.

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Why CFPR?

• A quarter of the IGVGD women the female-headed
  households did not gain any long term benefits.
  They usually return to their destitution after
  the food ration cycle
• They need a critical push

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The CFPR/TUP approach

• The whole idea behind the CFPR/TUP approach is to
  enable the ultra poor develop new and better
  options for sustainable livelihoods. And this
  requires
• A combination of approaches (promotional, such as
  skills training and protective, such as asset
  grants and stipends, health care services)
• Attacking constraints at various levels
  (household and the wider environments of
  institutions, structures and policies)
• Working within a multi-agent framework
  (strengthening institutions of the poor that can
  leverage their own agency and poverty focussed
  advocacy by institutions representing the poor,
  such as BRAC).

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CFPR beneficiaries selection criteria

• Have to meet at least two of the criteria
• Dependence upon female domestic work or begging
• Owning less than 10 decimals of land
• No adult active male members in the household
• Children of school going age have to take up paid
  work
• In addition, two pre-requisites for participation
  in the programme are
• There should be at least one adult, active woman
  in the household capable of getting involved in
  an income generating activity. She may be
  physically handicapped, but as long as she can
  get involved with an IGA, she will be included in
  the programme.
• No household member should not be member of any
  credit NGO.

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• 2. Combining Methodologies for Better Targeting
  Some preliminary findings from BRACs CFPR
  Programme
• Objectives
• to introduce the targeting methodology used in
  CFPRP Programme
• to see the effectiveness of the approach used
  for targeting

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Selection process of TUP
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Combining approach and knowledge
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Household Groups
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Group Differences--- How well does the Programme
criteria fare?
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Group Differences How well did the Programme
target?
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Conclusion

• Programme combines levels of geographical
  targeting, community and programmes local
  knowledge of the areas and indicator based
  targeting
• Programme was extremely successful in its
  objective of not only coming up with good
  targeting indicators but in ensuring their
  application
• Cost of targeting per beneficiary was US 6.27.

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3. Impact of BRACs Development Programmes on the
Extreme Poor

• IASs Methodology
• Three IASs in 1993/94, 1996/97 2001
• Representative sample to all BDP beneficiaries
• Both Survey PRA methods applied
• With-without before-after methods
• Measure household, individual and village level
  impacts

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Who are the extreme poor and how to define
Extreme poverty?

• Using (CBN) method the extreme poor are those
  who could not afford to consume the prescribed
  1805 kcal.
• Extreme poor are of two types
• EP1 - consume lt1600 kcals
• ER2 - consume 1600-1805 kcals
• Use panel data

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Conceptualizing the Impact

• Changes in Income/expenditure poverty (poverty
  mobility)
• Changes in accumulation of physical assets
• investment on primary secondary education

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Analysis of poverty trends
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Poverty mobility
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Impact of BRAC

• Highest reduction in demographic and economic
  dependency and womens fertility for the EP1 BRAC
  hhs
• Highest increase in primary and secondary
  enrollment for the EP2 BRAC hhs
• Highest increase in av. aggregate hh education
  level for EP1 and EP2 BRAC hhs
• Highest increase in house value and its share to
  hh non-food expenditure for EP1 BRAC hhs
• Highest gain in land for EP2 BRAC hhs (negative
  for EP comparison)
• Net-worth increase (incl. land value) was highest
  for EP1 BRAC hhs (negative for EP comparison)