Dairy Nutrition Research

1
Dairy Nutrition Research

• Lori Hoolihan, Ph.D., R.D.
• IDFA SmartMarketing
• March 25-27, 2003

2
Recent articles media headlines

• Lose Body Fat Drinking Milk? No Kidding! (Muscle
  Fitness 2002)
• Holy Cow! Look What Makes You Thin (Readers
  Digest 2002)
• Drink Milk, Drop Pounds
• (Ladies Home Journal 2001)

3
Headlines (cont)

• Calcium May Cut Cancer Risk (Assoc Press 2002)
• Lowfat milk and milk group foods powerful
  weapons against colon cancer (Med News Rpt 1998)
• Milk linked to decreased risk of breast cancer
  (Chicago Sun-Times 1997)

4
Headlines (cont)

• Health Experts Confirm Yogurts Health Potential
  (PR Newswire 2001)
• Increased Calcium Intake may Ease PMS Symptoms
  (Assoc Press 1998)

5
Headlines (cont)

• Synthetic Hormone in Milk Raises New Concerns
  (NYT 1999)
• Drinking Milk Tied to Cancer Hormone in Women
  (Reuters Health 2002)
• Cows Milk May Increase Childs Risk of Type 1
  Diabetes (Reuters Health 2000)
• The Mystery May be in the
  Milk (SF Chronicle 2000)

6
What To Believe

• ???

7
Market Research 2001 (HPs)
8
HP Market Research
9
Market Research 2002 (Consumer)

• 40 purchase foods to improve their familys
  health or prevent disease
• 25 would like more information to help them
  choose foods for specific health needs
• Reduce disease risk
• Enhance immunity
• Growth development
• Increase energy levels

10
Consumer Market Research

• Most people think of calcium bones as health
  benefits of dairy.
• Largely unaware of other benefits
• Reduce blood pressure
• Manage body weight
• Reduce breast cancer risk
• Improve absorption/utilization of nutrients
• Enhance immunity

11
What is the Research Really Saying?

• What areas are ready to promote to the consumer
  and HP?
• Which areas are still emerging?
• Are there any real threats to the perception
  consumption of dairy foods?

12
Dairy Research Focal Points

• Bone health
• Hypertension
• Cancer (breast, colon prostate)
• Immune Function
• Intestinal Health
• Kidney Stones
• Nutrient Absorption
• Body Weight Regulation

13
Bone Health Old News

• Bone Health depends on
• Calcium
• Weight-bearing Activity
• Hormones

14
Bone Health Newer news

• Cluster of nutrients in dairy are needed for
  bone health
• Calcium
• Vitamins A, D, B6
• Protein
• Phosphorus
• Magnesium
• Zinc
• Ratio of these nutrients is critical for optimal
  calcium absorption
• (Anderson JJB. 2000 IFT Annual Meeting abstract
  28-2)

15
Hypertension Old News

• Dairy products and calcium have been extensively
  studied for their ability to reduce blood
  pressure.
• Majority of studies show calcium has a slight
  blood pressure-lowering effect.
• Effect is strongest in those consuming inadequate
  dietary calcium.
• (Bucher et al. JAMA April 1996)

16
Hypertension Newer News

• DASH Study diet high in fruits, vegetables and
  low-fat dairy reduces BP in people with mild
  hypertension
• As effective as BP-lowering drugs
• Supports milk as a key component in dietary
  pattern approach to disease prevention
• Subsequent study confirmed findings
• Population-based study currently underway
• (Appel et al. N Engl J Med 19973361117)

17
Cancer Animal in vitro Studies

• Components in dairy thought to reduce risk of
  some cancers
• Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
• Sphingolipids
• Butyric acid
• Whey
• Probiotics

18
Colon Cancer Human Studies

• Harvard study 700-800 mg calcium/day resulted in
  40-50 lower risk of distal colon cancer,
  compared to Inst 2002)
• Case-control study of men and women found those
  with highest dairy product intake had 60 less
  prevalence of colorectal cancer (Shannon et al.
  Canc Epid Biom Prev 1996)

19
Colon Cancer Human Studies

• Subjects with previous colonic adenomas consuming
  1200 mg/d calcium from dairy products had reduced
  biomarkers of colon cancer (Holt et al. JAMA Sept
  1998)
• 1200 mg/d calcium from supplements led to 25
  lower risk of recurrent adenomas in subjects with
  history of adenomas
• (Baron et al. N Engl J Med 1998)
• 900 mg/d calcium from supplements or low-fat
  dairy foods lowers epithelial cell proliferation
  indices from a higher- to a lower-risk pattern.
  (Holt et al. Nutr Cancer 2001)

20
Breast Cancer Human Studies

• Nurses Health Study cohort intake of low fat
  dairy foods, especially non low-fat milk, was
  associated with 30 reduction in risk of breast
  cancer in premenopausal women (Shin et al. J
  Natl Cancer Inst 2002)
• Prospective cohort study in Norway Women who
  drank milk as a child and who currently drink 3
  glasses of milk had half the rate of breast
  cancer compared to women not drinking milk
  (Hjartaker et al. Int J Cancer 2001)

21
Breast Cancer Human Studies

• Prospective cohort study in Finland Women with
  highest milk intakes had 60 less risk of breast
  cancer (Knekt et al. Br J Cancer 1996).
• Case-control study in Netherlands high
  consumption of fermented milk products (1-1/2
  cups/day yogurt buttermilk) reduced risk of
  breast cancer by 50. (vant Veer et al. Cancer
  Res 1989)
• Case control study in Uruguay whole milk, choc
  milk and Gruyere cheese assoc w/ increased risk,
  lowfat and fermented products assoc w/ decreased
  risk of breast cancer. (Ronco et al. Eur J Canc
  Prev 2002)

22
Prostate Cancer Human Studies

• Case-control study in Washington Men consuming
  1200 mg calcium/day had more than twice risk of
  advanced prostate cancer than those consuming
  2002)
• Physicians Health Study Men consuming 2.5
  serving/d of dairy had 34 higher chance of
  prostate cancer than those consuming servings/d. (Chan et al. AJCN 2002)

23
Prostate Cancer Human Studies

• Dietary intake of milk is considered a
  speculated risk factor for prostate cancer
• (Amer Council on Science Health 2002)
• Review of experimental and epidemiologic
  research In summary, there is reasonable
  evidence that both vitamin D metabolites and
  calcium, and specifically calcium from dairy
  sources, play important roles in the development
  of prostate cancer. (Chan Giovannucci, Epid
  Rev 2001)

24
Immune Function Probiotics

• Immune enhancement is one proposed mechanism for
  anti-tumor and anti-infection activity of
  probiotics
• Upregulate
• In vitro, ex vivo and animal models and human
  studies suggest that probiotics can enhance the
  immune response
• Children who consume probiotics regularly have
  fewer illness/absences from day care
• Down regulate
• Potential to decrease inflammation and allergic
  responses
• It is agreed that more testing needs to be done
  in humans, especially long-term studies.

25
Intestinal Health Probiotics

• Probiotics decrease incidence and duration of
  some intestinal conditions
• Symptoms associated with lactose maldigestion
• Infant diarrhea
• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
• Travelers diarrhea
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-colon tumor effects animal models only
• More research is necessary to confirm extent of
  effects.

26
Kidney Stones

• Historically, people at risk of kidney stones
  were told to avoid dairy
• 2 recent studies in men women have shown high
  dairy/calcium associated with ½ risk of
  developing stones
• 1100 1350 mg/day most effective
• Dietary sources of calcium better than
  supplements
• (Curhan et al. Ann Intern Med 1997)

27
Nutrient Absorption

• Primary purpose of milk provide nourishment to
  the rapidly growing newborn and infant mammal
• Milk contains nutrients optimal for growth,
  development, and protection from disease
• Also contains factors that optimize absorption of
  those nutrients

28
Nutrient Absorption - Examples

• Triglycerides in milk aid absorption of calcium
  and long-chain fatty acids (Kennedy et al. AJCN
  199970920)
• Lactoferrin in milk aids in iron absorption
• Vitamin E absorption from dairy products is
  superior to that from supplements or fortified
  orange juice (Hayes et al. AJCN 200174211)

29
Weight Management

• Recent in vitro, epidemiological, animal and
  clinical research all show a link between dairy
  calcium and better weight management

30
Weight Management (cont)

• Epidemiological studies show that the more
  calcium/dairy one consumes, the lower ones body
  weight.
• Purdue research found that women consuming 780
  mg calcium/day lowered or maintained body weight
  those consuming less gained weight. (Lin et al. J
  Am Coll Nutr 200019(6)754-760)

31
Weight Management (cont)

• Mechanistic studies in animals and in vitro found
  that low-calorie, high calcium diets inhibit fat
  synthesis, accelerate fat breakdown, and suppress
  weight gain.
• (Zemel MB. J Nutr Jan 2003)

32
Weight Management (cont)

• Recent clinical study confirmed these results
• 32 obese subjects on 500 calorie-deficit diet
  lost the most weight body fat on high dairy
  diet
• Subjects given calcium supplements (800 mg/d)
  lost intermediate amount of weight placebo group
  lost least amount
• High dairy 3-4 servings/day
• Study duration 24 weeks
• (Zemel et al. JAMA in review)

33
Weight Management (cont)

• Data from 6 observational studies and 3
  controlled trials showed
• Negative association between calcium intake and
  body weight at midlife.
• Negative association between calcium and body fat
  accumulation during childhood.
• 300 mg/day increment in calcium intake assoc with
  1 kg less body fat in children and 2.5-3.0 kg
  lower body weight in adults
• Increasing calcium intake by 2 dairy servings/day
  could reduce risk of overweight by up to 70.
• (Heaney et at. J Nutr 2003)

34
Summary Health Benefits of Dairy

• Bone health
• Hypertension
• Body weight regulation
• Breast Cancer
• Colon Cancer
• Intestinal Health
• Immune Function
• Kidney Stones
• Nutrient Absorption
• Prostate Cancer --
• (s indicate strength of positive benefit to
  consuming dairy)

35
When should industry act on nutrition research?
Promoting Benefits of Dairy
Credibility, Sound Science

36
(No Transcript)