Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom Plantae
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General Characteristics of Plants

• The earliest plants appeared around a half a
  billion years ago. (Earth was barren rock before
  then).
• Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
  that carry out photosynthesis. Their cells have
  cell walls containing cellulose. They are mostly
  land-dwelling.
• Plants develop from embryos protected by the
  tissues of the parent plant.
• Plants include mosses, ferns, conifers, and
  flowering plants.
• Plants are adapted for life on land, (a few are
  aquatic), and thrive in a wide variety of
  environments.

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• Plants go through an alternation of generations.
  One generation is haploid (n) and the other is
  diploid (2n).
• These are called the gametophyte and sporophyte
  generations.
• A plant produces haploid reproductive cells
  called spores. A spore will undergo cell division
  (mitosis) to grow into a new plant.
• These haploid plants eventually produce gametes,
  which fuse to produce a diploid zygote. The
  zygote then grows into a diploid sporophyte plant.

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The Non-Vascular Plants

• Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and
  hornworts.
• These plants lack true roots, stems and leaves
  and they do not have specialized tissues to
  transport materials throughout the plant body.
• These grow in dense mats in moist environments.
• Bryophytes produce spores rather than seeds. A
  plant that is the result of fertilization
  releases the spores. Wind or water carries the
  spores to a suitable environment where they
  develop into mature plants.
• Peat moss is very important as a fuel for heat
  and electricity, a soil additive and storage area
  reducing the Earths levels of atmospheric carbon
  dioxide.

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Life cycle of a bryophyte
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Liverwort
Three types of Bryophytes
Hornwort
Mosses
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The Vascular Plants

• Tracheophytes are a diverse group of plants that
  include most modern day plants.
• They are well adapted to life on land due to the
  presence of conducting tissues called xylem and
  phloem, which transport materials throughout the
  plant. This evolution allows these plants to grow
  much taller than bryophytes.
• The vascular plants are divided into two groups
  the spore-producing plants and the seed-producing
  plants.

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Spore-producing Vascular Plants

• The club mosses and horsetails contain the
  smallest and most primitive members of the
  tracheophytes. They grow in marshes and on the
  edges of streams.
• Ferns are closely related to club mosses and
  horsetails but are more widespread. Found from
  the artic to rain forests mostly in shady and wet
  environments.
• The leaves of ferns are called fronds. Ferns
  have underground stems called rhizomes. Ferns
  produce spores in sporangia. Ferns require water
  in order for the sperm to reach the archegonia to
  fertilize the eggs.

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The life cycle of a fern
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Club moss
Three types of spore producers
Ferns
Horsetails
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Seed producing Vascular Plants

• Most successful plants on Earth. They have
  highly specialized organs leaves, stems and
  roots that have allowed them to adapt to a
  variety of environments.
• The two main groups of seed producing plants
  produce either cones or flowers.
• In both groups sexual reproduction occurs by
  pollination. As a result these plants dont
  require water and can survive in dry environments.

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Gymnosperms

• In addition to conifers, there are three groups
  of gymnosperms gnetae, ginkgos, and cycads.
• Gymnosperms have specialized reproductive
  structures called cones. There are two types
  the male cones (pollen cones) produce pollen
  grains and the female cones (seed cones) produce
  ovules.
• The male cones release pollen grains, which are
  carried in the wind and some of them drift into
  female cones. Once inside the pollen grain
  produces sperm cells by mitosis and these
  fertilize the ovules. After fertilization,
  zygotes grow into seeds on the surface of the
  cones scales. Once the cone matures and if it
  lands on good soil it can develop into a new
  plant.
• The wood from conifers is called softwood and is
  used extensively in construction. Canada supplies
  20 of the worlds softwood.

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The life cycle of a conifer
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Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are flowering plants. They are the
  most widespread with about 250,000 species.
• All angiosperms reproduce sexually by means of
  flowers, through the process of pollination.
• Angiosperm seeds are contained in a protective
  wall that develops into a fruit.
• Angiosperms are the most successful of all plants
  due to the following
• they use flowers as their reproductive structures
  and they dont require water for reproduction.
• the ovules of angiosperms are more protected than
  those of gymnosperms
• Their well protected seeds are dispersed through
  a variety of different methods.

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The life cycle of an angiosperm
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• In order for the angiosperms to reproduce, an
  ovum inside the pistil, the female part of the
  flower, must be fertilized by a sperm cell,
  contained in a pollen grain.
• Once fertilized, the zygote develops into an
  embryo contained in a seed. The seeds must be
  released from the fruit and find suitable soil in
  which to germinate into a new plant. This seed
  dispersal occurs by means of wind, water, and
  animal involvement.
• Self-pollination- pollen from the same plant
  fertilizes an egg cell.
• Cross-pollination- pollen transferred from one
  plant to another of the same species.

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The parts of a flowering plant
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Fertilization
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• Kingdom Plantae Review - Part 1
• 1. What characteristics are shared by all plants?
• 2. What similarities and differences exist
  between plants and monerans?
• 3. What similarities and differences exist
  between plants and protists?
• 4. What similarities and differences exist
  between plants and fungi?
• 5. How are vascular plants and non-vascular
  plants different?
• 6. What group of plants lacks vascular tissue?
• 7. Simple, non-vascular plants can attain large
  size without the presence of support tissue while
  mosses cannot. Explain.
• 8. Name two plant requirements that were met by
  vascular tissue.
• 9. State one difference and one similarity
  between mosses and ferns.
• 10. State one difference and one similarity
  between ferns and seed plants.
• 11. Why are ferns often described as the
  evolutionary link between mosses and seed plants?
• 12. How do seeds of gymnosperms differ from those
  of angiosperms?
• 13. What are the main reasons that angiosperms
  are so diverse and abundant?
• 14. What are some ways in which the is flower an
  advantage to angiosperms?
• 15. Describe the function of each of the main
  parts of the flower.
• 16. What is the name of the part of the pistil in
  which the ovules develop?
• 17. Where does fertilization occur in the flower?
  
• 18. Ovules mature into ____ and ovaries mature
  into _____